Kazakh vocabulary is reflected in Russian-Kazakh glossaries, Russian-Kazakh dictionaries, multilingual educational manuals, bilingual and multilingual vocabularies, Russian-Kazakh phrasebooks and self-study guides, guide dictionaries, Kazakh-Russian dictionaries, as well as in various other lexicographic works compiled since the last quarter of the 18th century. The materials of the Kazakh language published in Russian-Kazakh and Kazakh-Russian dictionaries of the 18th-20th centuries constitute the main object of this study. It is well known that every language undergoes changes under the influence of internal linguistic processes and external extralinguistic factors. In this regard, analyzing the composition and structure of Kazakh vocabulary published in dictionaries of past centuries from the standpoint of modern science is doubly valuable and significant. The main goal of the study is to examine the lexico-semantic characteristics of Kazakh vocabulary, namely to reveal the structural and semantic features of words. The study employs methods of collecting, selecting, and systematizing linguistic material, as well as descriptive and comparative methods of analysis. The results of the research and the recommendations presented make a certain theoretical contribution to the study of the history of the Kazakh language, historical lexicology and lexicography, and may also be useful in teaching the history of the Kazakh language.

The article examines the study of verbs, as well as the grammatical and semantic differentiation of complex verbs within the Turkic linguistic space, based on the works of researchers such as M.А. Kazembek, A.N. Kononov, S.Malov, N.B. Baskakov, and others. In Kazakh linguistics, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether complex verbs should be classified based on grammatical indicators or semantic features, and how to determine the most accurate approach. The lexicalization of complex verbs is analyzed through the works of Zh. Shakenov. Attention is also given to the principles of classifying complex verbs, differences in viewpoints, and the process of term standardization in the works of A. Baitursynuly, A. Ysqaqov, Y. Mamanov, and other scholars. One of the morphological categories – complex verbs – serves as the foundation of the functional-semantic category. The revelation of the semantic potential of complex verbs from a functional perspective is indeed a criterion for their existence as a semantic category. Although a semantic field is characterized by the combination of various linguistic means, it does not have a specific lexical form of its own. The issue of functionality has been explored in the works of M. Zholshaeva, S. Qulmanov, A. Zhanabekova, and others. This study analyzes how the use and semantics of complex verbs are manifested in modern newspaper and journalistic texts.

In the history of the Turkic languages, such converbal suffixes as-a, -e and -u, -ü appear in almost all written literary languages, starting from the early Orkhon inscriptions and continuing to the later Karakhanid, Khwarezmian, and Chagatai texts. It is difficult to say that the converbs -a, -e were actively used in the Mamluk-Kipchak monuments. However, they can occur in the same form in six different contexts. We observe that in a sentence containing an action expressed by additional information, the main role belongs to the action itself, whereas the additional information plays a more passive role. The suffixes -u and -ü in the history of the Turkic language did not act as active suffixes in a number of cases. In many instances, the suffixes -a, -e remained unnoticed. Even after the 14th–15th centuries, their usage gradually ceased. In earlier periods, constructions with the suffixes -a, -e were common, but in later periods, they were limited to the forms -yu and -yü, characteristic of verbs ending in vowels. Over time, the suffixes u and ü, underwent elision, and their meaning merged into the sound y. Some researchers considered the suffixes -a, -e and -u, -ü as separate suffixes: some regarded them as synonyms, while others treated them as phonetic variants of a single suffix. The study revealed that they represent dialectal parallel forms. Thus, the suffixes -u, -ü and -a, -e can be considered dialectal parallels.

This article examines the importance of studying the history, grammatical structures, and vocabulary of a language. Determining the stages of language development and its historical periods is carried out through the analysis of its vocabulary. The current forms of the Kazakh language are characterized as the common national language and local varieties, i.e., dialects. In dialectological research, assessing the natural features of a language, monitoring its development, and revealing its vocabulary are among the key directions in linguistics. Based on previous research on local languages, the article provides a definition of the concept of a local language, explores the factors influencing its formation, and examines the classification of local languages and the diversity of such classifications. It also analyses the distinctions between dialects and the literary language, the integration of dialectal elements into the literary language and terminological corpus, and their positive and negative aspects. Furthermore, the article presents a brief chronology of dialectological studies in Kazakhstan and discusses scholars’ views on whether Kazakh has dialects, highlighting two opposing perspectives and reviewing the works of their representatives. The article also addresses the current state of Kazakh dialectology and its methodological, technical, and social challenges. It emphasizes the inconsistency of existing dialect classifications, the lack of unified criteria, and the absence of a universal typology. Accordingly, the need for an integrative classification that encompasses phonetic, morphological, and lexical features is underlined. Another issue under discussion is the inconsistency of transcription: the fact that different researchers denote the same sound with different symbols significantly complicates comparative studies. As a solution, the adoption of a unified transcription system based on the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is proposed.

The article analyzes the lexical and semantic field of paroemias with the seme “death” in the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly. The purpose of the study is to analyze the semantic features of the concept of “death” based on proverbs and sayings in the poet's works. Within the framework of linguoculturology, an attempt has been made to determine the relationship between language and culture, to clarify the concept of a concept, its structure, research methods, and also to describe the lexical and semantic field of paroemias with the seme “death”. The scientific and methodological basis of the work consists of works on cognitive linguistics and psycholinguistics. The research material was linguistic data: dictionary entries and texts of Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly's poems. The novelty of the research is determined by a comprehensive description of the lexical and semantic field of the concept of “death” in the paremiological space of the poet's works involving linguistic and linguocultural analysis. The theoretical value of the work lies in identifying ways to actualize the image of the world in Shakarim's poems through the concept of “death” and in creating the basis for further research in the field of cognitive linguistics and linguoculturology. The study analyzes the conceptual field represented in dictionary definitions, its reflection in phraseological units and proverbs, as well as the lexico-semantic field of paroemias with the seme “death” in the poet's poems.

The article examines the changes that have taken place in the onomastic space of Kazakhstan during the years of independence, as well as issues related to their study. In the post-Soviet period, as a result of the revival of national consciousness, significant transformations occurred in the names of geographical objects, settlements, and streets. At present, the issues of national onomastics have acquired great political and ideological importance at the state level. This is due to the fact that onomastic names represent a spiritual value that reflects the historical memory of the people, their cultural identity, and national self-awareness. The revival of onomastic names in accordance with national content represents an expression of decolonization policy, a process of restoring historical justice, and strengthening national consciousness. In this context, onomastics is viewed not only as a linguistic or geographical naming system, but also as a field of great socio-political and cultural significance. It is known that during the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, colonial policy sought to erase traditional names from the people's memory, thereby weakening national identity. After gaining independence, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan established the State Onomastic Commission, which has been carrying out systematic work in this field. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kassym-Zhomart Tokayev, also pays special attention to issues of national onomastics. At the National Kurultai held this year, he emphasized: “The names of cities and streets should reflect the true history of our people.” The regulation of the names of cities, streets, geographical objects, and settlements in accordance with national values undoubtedly contributes to the revival of the nation’s historical memory and cultural code.

The research paper is devoted to a comprehensive consideration of the mediative function of language in traditional Kazakh culture. The main purpose of the work is to identify the specifics of the use of language in the historical and cultural practice of Kazakh society as a means of coordinating interests, settling disputes and harmonizing social relations. In accordance with this goal, the article defines the following tasks: cultural and social foundations of linguistic mediation in traditional Kazakh society; description of linguistic structures and pragmatic strategies of institutions that ensure dispute resolution through speech; identification of semantic features of linguistic norms aimed at maintaining social harmony in national culture. In the course of solving these tasks, the oral oratorical heritage of the Kazakhs is analyzed from linguistic and pragmatic positions. The conducted research allowed us to establish that the mediative function of language in traditional Kazakh culture goes beyond simple communication. It forms the basis of mechanisms for maintaining social harmony, regulating the moral code of the community and the peaceful settlement of conflict situations. It is also proved that the speech culture of leaders and bi-speakers contributed to the formation of a specific national model of mediation, and its language strategies (forms of etiquette, indirect ways of expression, metaphorical and symbolic structures and pragmatic means of mitigation) are consonant with modern theories of mediation. The scientific significance of the study lies in the fact that the phenomenon of mediation in Kazakh culture is being systematically examined for the first time in a linguistic and pragmatic perspective, which makes it possible to identify the contribution of traditional speech experience to the development of the general theory of mediation. The practical value of the work is determined by the possibility of using the results obtained in mediation training programs, in the development of ethno-cultural models of negotiation practices, as well as in projects aimed at updating the culture of Kazakh oral speech.

The article provides a detailed account of the development of an interactive corpus-based platform for teaching Kazakh to anglophones – Learner Corpus. The study begins with a comparative analysis of international and domestic practices in corpus linguistics, as well as an evaluation of the quality of existing textbooks and teaching materials designed for English-speaking learners. The analysis revealed that a substantial portion of current learning resources is insufficiently adapted to the cognitive, linguistic, and communicative needs of anglophones: systemic shortcomings were identified, including mismatched text difficulty levels, artificiality, grammatical and logical inconsistencies, and inaccuracies in cultural content. Based on these findings, criteria for selecting materials for the Learner Corpus were defined, resulting in the creation of more than 250 original narrative and communicative texts, a structured lexical-grammatical knowledge system, and comparative grammatical materials. The construction of the corpus content was guided by Stephen Krashen’s i+1 principle, the natural order of language acquisition, and the typological differences between Kazakh and English. Typical interference errors made by anglophones (at phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic levels) were identified, and the ways in which these issues are addressed through corpus materials were demonstrated. The study employs comparative analysis, theoretical review, qualitative textual analysis, modelling, and methodological principles of corpus design. It offers a scientific rationale for selecting and structuring materials and presents a comprehensive system encompassing phonetic-graphical, lexical, grammatical, and linguistic-cultural levels. The Learner Corpus platform is aligned with the Turkic language teaching programmes currently being developed at the University of Oxford and is proposed as a prototype supplementary tool to be used from the 2026-2027 academic year. The article emphasizes that the emerging corpus database is the first universal, multi-level, and pedagogically structured digital resource tailored specifically to anglophones. Its theoretical significance lies in reinterpreting corpus-based approaches to teaching Kazakh and systematizing interference phenomena, while its practical value lies in its direct applicability in teaching practice, enabling individualized instruction and optimising workload distribution according to learners’ proficiency levels.

The study of pedagogical discourse in terms of linguistically relevant disorders is relevant at the present stage of linguistics development, since the communicative activities of the teacher and students in the classroom affect not only learning and the educational process, but also the psycho-emotional state of children. The aim of the study was to form an idea of Kazakh pedagogical discourse, consideration of secondary and higher educational institutions of Kazakhstan in terms of linguistically relevant violations of pragmalinguistic and ethical nature. The following methods were used for comprehensive research: analytical-synthetic, communicative, frame, comparative-comparative. This study addressed issues related to the theory of pedagogical discourse: the concept of discourse, institutional discourse, characteristics and specificity of pedagogical discourse, professional ethics. The frequency of diverse types of linguistically relevant violations in Kazakhstani pedagogical practice on the example of schools, colleges and universities in Almaty was assessed. An understanding of the basics of teacher-student communication was formed and deviations on pragmalinguistic parameters (deviations from pedagogical strategies, the purpose of pedagogical discourse) and ethical grounds (directed at a particular student or group of students) were considered. A frame model of linguistically relevant violations in pedagogical discourse was also created and used in the observation of educational institutions in Almaty. This work can be used in the study of pedagogical discourse and linguistically relevant violations in different countries around the world, comparative analysis of different types of educational institutions and the implementation of machine methods for the recognition of unethical statements in the learning process.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of language errors found in written texts in the Kazakh language (compositions, essays, dictations, and other written works). The study is based on a corpus approach and includes the classification of over 100 types of errors: orthographic, punctuation, grammatical, lexical, stylistic, and technical. The paper analyzes common writing errors occurring in the works of students of different age groups. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a systematic description and digital documentation of writing errors in Kazakh, which contributes to the creation of a specialized Error Corpus – a new research database designed to reveal the patterns of linguistic interference, features of linguistic worldview, and the dynamics of written language norms. The development of this corpus allows not only objective description of language deviations but also their cognitive and psycholinguistic interpretation. The research employs a comprehensive approach combining corpus linguistics and cognitive modeling methods. The results show that the most frequent errors are orthographic, lexical, grammatical, and punctuation errors, arising under the influence of Russian interference, cognitive information processing patterns, and automated speech templates. The obtained data form the foundation for the further development of the Kazakh Error Corpus and contribute to improving written language norms, teaching methodology, and diagnostic practices.

The expansion and consolidation of the use of state language in scientific and professional domains is one of the priority directions of Kazakhstan’s language policy and national development strategy. In this regard, the adaptation of sectoral terminology, including the medical terminological system, to national linguistic norms is particularly relevant in the process of enhancing the status of the Kazakh language as a language of science. The study of the terminological nature of bone and joint names allows for the identification, structuring and systematization of the fundamental lexical layer of national medical terminology. As a structural core of anatomical terminology, bone and joint names form the basis of medical diagnoses, disease nomenclature, and clinical discourse. Their unification, codification and lexicographical description in the Kazakh language are considered essential steps toward ensuring the full-fledged functioning of the state language in medical education, professional translation and the healthcare system. Despite belonging to the original lexical fund of the Kazakh language and being widely used in ethnolinguistic and phraseological domains, their representation in modern sectoral dictionaries, textbooks and especially in clinical discourse remains inconsistent. The lexical field of bones and joints, shaped by traditional medicine and embedded in the national worldview and value system of the Kazakh people, has a rich historical, linguistic, and cultural foundation. Considering these lexical units as an integral part of the national terminological system constitutes an important scientific and applied task. This article examines the linguistic foundations of the Kazakhization process in the medical terminological system. It substantiates the relevance of studying bone and joint terminology, analyzing the degree of their codification in the Kazakh language, models of term formation, and the current state of their lexicographical representation.

The article presents the structure and content of the Advertising Texts Subcorpus, which is part of the National Corpus of the Kazakh Language, describing the stages of its development and methodological framework. The research aims to analyze the linguistic and socio-communicative features of advertising discourse using corpus linguistics methods. The material includes advertising texts integrated into the subcorpus database. The data are systematized by advertising channels (outdoor, media, and online) and annotated with extralinguistic and content-based metadata. During corpus development, Microsoft Office Excel, CSV, and Notepad software tools were applied for data structuring and filtering. The empirical corpus was analyzed from linguistic-pragmatic and sociolinguistic perspectives. The analysis identified key advertising markers such as call to action, attention appeal, emotional engagement, limited-time offer, and guarantee or promise markers. The findings reveal advertising discourse as a significant component of public communication in Kazakh and demonstrate the potential of corpus-based studies for understanding its linguistic strategies. The scientific significance of this work lies in the fact that advertising texts in the Kazakh language are, for the first time, examined within the framework of corpus linguistics, and a scientific analysis is conducted from linguopragmatic and sociolinguistic perspectives. The practical value of the study consists in the creation of a national database for analysing the language of advertising and culturally embedded linguistic strategies.

The study examines the associative reactions of Russian and Kazakh students, forming the image of a citizen in the collective consciousness/language consciousness. Methods of polling, associative experiment and linguistic-cultural field are used. Stable nuclear and peripheral associative reactions have been identified. It is argued that the image of a citizen in the linguistic consciousness includes cultural and historical competence, linguistic (linguocultural) and personal (value) aspects. The image of a citizen acquires particular significance in a multicultural environment, where he must have a generalized, to a certain extent universal content, capable of uniting representatives of different nationalities. Also, the issues of teaching intercultural communication in the context of a cultural approach are covered, a description of modern cultural approaches is given, attention is focused on taking into account the cultural component when working with language material. The image of a citizen is saturated with stable historical, cultural, linguistic and value components that persist throughout the existence of a multilingual and multicultural people. The authors believe that the perspectives of the study of the linguistic-cultural image may be related to the expansion of the comparative base of polycultural competence of students-native speakers and foreigners studying the national language as a foreign/second language. The results obtained indicate the common historical past of both groups and the similarity of their civic values, but reveal a difference in the significance of individual dates, historical events and qualities of a citizen.

The article examines the phonological and graphographic features of the sounds /u/ and /i/, which have remained a subject of debate in Kazakh linguistics for a century, with a comparative reference to data from the Chinese language. The aim of the article is to identify the risk that representing these sounds through six paired hieroglyphic combinations – /uu/, /üu/, /uyu/, /iu/, /y/, /iy/ – may alter the phonetic structure of the Kazakh language, making it resemble the syllabic Chinese language. To achieve this goal, four interrelated and complementary tasks were formulated, and the study was conducted in four stages. At the first stage, all 420 syllable types of the Chinese language were collected based on modern academic Chinese dictionaries. Among them, the types and number of syllables containing the sounds /u/ (u, w) and /i/ (i, y) were identified, after which a corresponding list was compiled. At this stage, quantitative, systematization, and compilation methods were used. At the second stage, the number of syllables that can be formed by the 28 native sounds of the Kazakh language according to six syllable models (V, VC, CV, CVC, VCC, CVCC) was determined mathematically. In addition, the number and types of syllables related to the sounds /u/ and /i/ were calculated, followed by the compilation of a detailed list. During these two stages, only the results were included in the article; information on the procedure, methods, and period of data collection was intentionally omitted. At the third stage, the graphic and phonetic characteristics of syllables associated with the sounds /u/ (u, w) and /i/ (i, y) in Kazakh and Chinese were compared in a table, and their features and similarities were identified. The historical-comparative method was applied at this stage. As a result, 27 syllables of the Kazakh language were found whose graphic structure fully corresponds to those of the Chinese language, which implies a potential risk of their pronunciation becoming similar to Chinese. At the final stage of the study, the risks and possibilities of the graphic representation of the sounds /u/ and /i/ in Kazakh were identified, conclusions were drawn, and the results were presented to the academic community. This study is the first to examine the historical connection between the Kazakh and Chinese languages, as well as the classification of syllables from the perspective of writing theory.

This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations for defining the grammatical minimum necessary for a lexico-grammatical dictionary used in teaching Kazakh as a foreign language. The study systematizes the criteria for selecting this minimum based on parameters such as the learner’s communicative needs, frequency, structural simplicity, and cultural-cognitive relevance. Grammatical categories, patterns of collocation, and functional features of the main parts of speech in the Kazakh language (noun, verb, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, modal words, postpositions, interjections) are presented through contrastive analysis. The features of each part of speech in the Kazakh language and the functions of the necessary grammatical forms are presented through words, phrases, and short sentences, taking into account the learner’s language proficiency. English equivalents of Kazakh grammatical forms are provided. This does not involve direct, word-for-word translation; rather, each form is explained in English or an explanatory equivalent is given. If there is no exact equivalent, the meaning and function of the grammatical form are illustrated with examples, so that both the instructor and the language learner can clearly understand its purpose and usage. The main objective of the article is to examine the grammatical minimum of the Kazakh language from a scientific and methodological perspective and to propose ways of using it more effectively in the process of teaching Kazakh as a foreign language.

The present article is devoted to the role of invective vocabulary among the youth of Kazakhstan in modern society. It defines the sense and purpose of invective vocabulary, as well as its types of meaning. The study observes changes in the direction and function of invective vocabulary in peer-reviewed linguistic articles published over the last three years. The objective of the article is to highlight the role of invective vocabulary in the linguistic discourse of modern society. To achieve the objective, the article sets the following tasks: 1) to conduct a survey among Kazakh- and Russian-speaking audiences aged 18-40; 2) to determine the purpose and function of using invective vocabulary based on the obtained data; 3) to analyze invective vocabulary as a separate linguistic unit expressing national identity. The research showed that invective vocabulary is frequently used to express anger and indignation. While the use of obscene language is generally perceived as less acceptable in the Kazakh-speaking environment, the survey results indicate a higher level of tolerance toward such language among the Russian-speaking respondents. This is attributed to differences in mentality and upbringing. Furthermore, the linguistic and cultural analysis was focused on the words “it”, “shoshqa”, and “mal” (English “dog”, “pig”, “cattle”). It has been discovered that certain linguistic units may have different meanings in one language, but not necessarily have negative connotations in another language.