On the basis of comparative historical methods, the degree of proximity and common features of related Turkic languages are determined. The phonetic and phonological structures of the Kazakh and related Turkic languages belonging to the Kipchak group are studied in a diachronic aspect. The universal phonological phenomena of narrow vowel phonemes based on the laws of synharmonism and the agglutinative structure of the Turkic languages are described on the material of the Kazakh, Karakalpak, Tatar, Bashkir, Nogai, Karachay-Balkar languages of the Kipchak group.

The aim of the study is to identify common and distinctive features of the phonetic and phonological structures of the Kazakh and related (Kipchak) Turkic languages through comparative historical methods. The system of vocalism of related Turkic languages is compared with each other, their similarities and differences are revealed, and as a result, the stages of the historical development of phonetic systems are established, the ways of the emergence and formation of phonemes are described. As a result of comparing the vocalism of the narrow (y, i, u, ü) vowels of the Turkic languages of the Kipchak group, common and distinctive features in the phonological systems of related languages are determined. The results obtained in the course of the study are of great theoretical and practical importance. The study of the languages of the Kipchak group, which make up a large branch of modern Turkic languages and languages of written monuments of the ancient Turkic era from the point of view of diachronic phonology, opens up great prospects in the study of general patterns in other areas of linguistics.

The article is devoted to the study of the lexical composition of Kazakh words in V.V. Radlov's dictionary "The experience of the dictionary of Turkic dialects". The most optimal way to achieve this goal is to analyze words by thematic groups. The main feature of this method of research is that only in this way is a high-quality and scientifically complete study of the structure and composition of the Kazakh vocabulary in the general Turkic dictionary achieved. Considering the vocabulary of the Kazakh language of the XIX century by preliminary distribution into thematic groups and further analysis of the composition of these words, it is possible to reveal the full picture of the life of the people during the historical period. The article uses scientific methods of decomposition and systematization by semantic groups, synchronous and diachronic analysis, methods of comparative and comparative analysis. During the thematic analysis of words, it becomes possible to determine the level of linguistic competence of the author, the compiler of the dictionary. This article can serve as an example of the study of the vocabulary of the Kazakh language from a historical-lexicological and historical-lexicographic point of view. As a result, by conducting a thematic analysis of Kazakh words in Radlov's dictionary, it becomes possible to determine the structure and composition of the historical vocabulary of the Kazakh language of the XIX century.

 The language of written monuments of the Golden Horde era is rich in such artistic and stylistic means  as phraseological units and metaphors that reflect the worldview and way of life of the Turkic peoples. Therefore, the  relevance of the research topic is due to the value of studying phraseological units and metaphors found in the written  monument of the Sarai Safe «Gulistan bit-Turki» (hereinafter – «Turkshe Gulistan») of the Golden Horde period. The article  analyzes phraseological units and metaphors in two aspects: structural-semantic and linguocognitive. Phraseological units  and metaphors are divided into four lexical and semantic groups and their continuity with the Kazakh language is analyzed.  Phraseological units and figurative expressions, collected in eight sections of the written monument, form the concept of  «Man», which reflect the existence and knowledge of the people. They are intertwined with the religious knowledge of that  period. The concept of «Man» is subdivided and analyzed according to the linguocognitive models «Man – power», «Man – satisfaction», «Man – about the benefits of laconicism».

 The practical significance of the work. Linguistic explanations of metaphors and phraseological units in the text of  "Turkshe Gulistan" can be used in the practical development of semantic meta-marks of linguistic units of medieval texts of  the historical subcorpus. They are being developed within the framework of the National Corpus of the Kazakh Language at  the Institute of Linguistics Akhmet Baitursynov.

There has been no in-depth, comprehensive and systematic study of the history of one of the complex grammatical categories of verbs-the category of adverbs, although it is found only slightly in some monuments and textbooks concerning the history of a particular language. One of the urgent problems of Kazakh Turkological science is a comprehensive study of the Turkic languages of any linguistic unity in historical periods, a comprehensive study of them from a synchronous and diachronic point of view and determining the level of historical continuity in comparison with our modern language.

The article examines the grammatical function of the adverbial suffixes -yp, -ip, -up, -üp, -p in the Mamluk-Kipchak language, their influence and phonetic variants on the meaning of the word to which it is attached, the history of development and formation. The research is based on the materials of 5 monuments written in the Mamluk-Kipchak language and extant to the present day. The research work is based on the main method of studying the historical development of language - the comparative historical method.

Phonetic variants of adverbial forms with suffixes -yp, -ip, -up, -üp, -p the order of attachment to the root, various semantic gradients in the main and indirect meanings, all of them do not differ much from modern Turkic languages, including Kazakh. Some features have been preserved in the modern Oguz language, and some in Kipchak. Even small differences between them can be considered as a natural phenomenon that arises during the historical development of the language.

In the context of the modern process of globalization, the intensification of scientific, technical, economic, political, cultural, literary, and linguistic ties between states indicates that an increasing number of new words have entered the language and have become an urgent problem of the system of formation of new words in terminology. In order to determine the manifestation of the modern system of terminology formation in the Turkic languages, a comparative study was conducted on the example of grammatical terms of the Kazakh and Turkish languages, similarities and differences in the grammar of the two languages were revealed, prerequisites for the possibility of unification of grammatical terms formed at the stage of global development were created. To achieve this goal, the article characterizes the stages of the formation of the grammatical sphere in the Kazakh and Turkish languages, reviews scientific conclusions in the field of grammar of two languages and the works of the founding scientists of linguistics. In the course of the study, terms from grammar textbooks in two languages were generalized, their structural specificity, terminological sphere, from which language they entered in the presence of a borrowed term were analyzed. Similarities and differences in the sound, root form of grammatical terms grouped from two languages were presented in the comparative table. According to the results of the study, it was found that the grammatical terms of the Kazakh language have been finally formed, and in the Turkish language grammatical terms still have a variety. The results of the research of the article acquire great practical importance in the unification of grammatical terms in grammar textbooks used in teaching Kazakh and Turkish.

Just as every language has its history, it also has a history of symbolic meaning – letters and spelling rules. The writing culture of a particular country, people, or nation with a national language covers several epochs and historicalperiods. It is known that the Kazakh national script has been formed since 1912 in connection with the name of Akhmet Baitursynuly and is still being updated, improved, and developed every year. Therefore, each stage of the development of the spelling rules of the Kazakh language is very important both for linguistics and for the future of Kazakh writing. The article analyzes the history and scientific significance of the "New Spelling Rule of the Kazakh language", consisting of 13 articles describing the beginning of the "national stage" of Akhmet Baitursynuly's letter reform, published by the Council of Education of the Academic Center at the Educational Commissariat of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KazASSR) in 1923. In particular, there are analysed such topical issues as the scientific and social prerequisites that led to the adoption of this provision, its connection with the Baytursynuly’s spelling in 1912, the scientific basis and meaning of each article, achievements and disadvantages, prerequisites for the adoption of this spelling rule by the Education Commission under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkestan Autonomy, the reasons for the reduction of some paragraphs, conclusions of the Kazakh intelligentsia about this situation.

The article deals with phraseological units with zoonymic components that characterize the character of a person in the Kazakh and English languages, explores linguistic expressive means using animal images to describe human qualities and behavioral characteristics. In the work, we will review phraseological units with zoonymic components in both languages and analyze them using a comparative method.

The purpose of the scientific article is to identify similarities and differences in the description of the peculiarities of the use of phraseological units, analysis of phraseological units with zoonimic components in Kazakh and English languages in the discourse of representatives of the two cultures.

The main section of the article proves that phraseological units with zoonymic components are a reflection of cultural characteristics and views on human character in the Kazakh and English languages. The analysis showed that phraseological units with animals to describe human qualities are used in the two languages. Phraseological units in the Kazakh language are closely related to animals, that is zoonyms reffered to livestock, while English language mainly relies on zoonyms related to birds, insects and sea creatures. The results of the study may be useful to linguists, translators and cultural scientists who study the interaction of language and culture.

The relevance of the research topic was the comparative analysis of phraseological phrases with zoonymic components in the Kazakh and English languages, revealing similarities and differences in the way, how human character is perceived and described by the different representatives of cultures. The authors presented their own vision of the problems based on the analysis of the works of the scientists on this topic. Comprehensive analysis of phraseological units with zoonymic components, which have become the main object of the article's research were carried out.

The article analyzes the concepts of categories of direct and indirect communication in linguistics, types and features of indirect interrogative speech acts, reveals the prelocutive pragmatics of direct and indirect interrogative speech acts in the Kazakh language. Namely: if the direct meaning of interrogative sentences is getting an answer, then indirect questions are used in such functions as showing politeness, indirect posing a question, emphasizing a request, posing a question in a suspicious expression, transmitting a request with gestures, evaluation, resentment, chagrin. In a direct interrogative speech act, the illocutionary effect is expressed through the linguistic meaning of the linguistic means that make up speech, while the perlocutionary pragmatics of indirect interrogative speech acts depends on the use of language units in a figurative sense, on the background knowledge of the speaker and listener and the conditions of communication. At the same time, an indirect interrogative speech act enhances the artistic potential of the language and allows expressing various semantic shades.

The study used methods of structural grammar «from form to meaning», functional grammar «from meaning to form», structural-semantic description, functional-semantic and contextual analysis, differentiation and hypothetical interpretation.

The scientific and theoretical basis of the scientific conclusions obtained in the course of the study were the works on structural, communicative, functional grammar and pragmatic linguistics in linguistics. In addition, the given language examples from various sources (colloquial speech, works of poets and writers) contributed to the argumentation of scientific and practical conclusions presented in the article

The article is an analysis of the epistolary discourse of the Kazakh poet Khamit Yergaliyev, a famous representative of the literary activity of the second half of the last century in Kazakhstan. The aim of the work is to linguistically investigate the correspondence of the poet, laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with a focus on revealing his subjective stylistic and grammatical peculiarities as a bilingual.

The study is based on the analysis of epistols from the personal archive of Hamit Yergaliyev, as well as using scientific publications and written materials stored in the National Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Emphasis is placed on the importance of studying epistolary discourse in both scientific and creative communication with contemporaries in order to form a linguistic picture of a certain time period.

The scientific significance of the study lies in the possibility of revealing the characteristic features of the construction of discursive constructions of letter writers, which will give an opportunity to shed light on the various linguistic approaches used in the creation of communicative act in the conditions of bilingual component of the ethno-linguistic landscape of Kazakhstan. Such a study is important for a deeper understanding of linguistic dynamics and cultural aspects of communication in Kazakhstan.

It is known that the spiritual nature of the Kazakh people, which characterizes its spiritual culture, is passed on from generation to generation through the cumulative function of language. This article presents the moral and ethical principles of spiritual culture - the spirit of the people, achievements in the world of the mind, cumulative activities that are passed on from generation to generation. The main direction of our research is to consider the features of the representation of moral and ethical forms in spiritual culture. This message clearly examines the nature of artistic concept in spiritual culture and its relationship with rituals, which need to be studied from a conceptual point of view. As basic research material, we focus on the works of the ethnographer A. Seidimbek, as well as on the peculiarities of the representation of the concepts of “superstition” and “forbidden”, which form a cultural unity in the concepts of the Kazakh people. According to this goal, the study of the mentioned concepts in the scholar’s literary texts in the continuity of language and culture indicates their linguistic representation of the social life and spiritual culture of the nation. The fact that moral and ethical units are reflected in artistic and poetic texts as representatives of an artistic concept is formulated using methods of comparison, modeling and codification in an anthropocentric direction. The results of research work in this direction help to determine the purpose and significance of the system of traditions, rituals and customs in the culture of the people, how they are reflected in the thoughts, feelings and actions of a native speaker; the purpose and significance of traditions and lifestyles, moral and ethical norms (state) of property. It is assumed that, like general folk knowledge, superstition can beseen as a fusion of rational and irrational principles, as well as the result of a syncretic unity. Information about the nature of the connection between understanding the ethnic language and moral and ethical norms, the linguistic picture-image (picture) in rituals as a whole is divided into several layers, and also that the moral and ethical layers in these layers differ in chronological (diachronological) characteristics, which reflected in the words of rituals. Like popular knowledge, superstition is defined as the intersection of rational and irrational principles, as well as the result of syncretic unity. Mental ideas about a person in the cognitive space of ethnocultural names of the Kazakh language, Professor A. Seіdimbek determined that the works represent national and cultural characteristics. The representation of moral and ethical values as a spiritual treasure, a continuation of a person’s past life and present existence in the future is presented with evidence based on the works of A. Seіdimbek.

The article will discuss the features of dialogical communication between men and women, characteristic of the category of gender.

In the article, the topics discussed by men and women were determined based on the dialogue discourse collected from the fiction.

There were analyzed features related to emotional discourse of men and women through the dialogue and the reasons of differences were defined. Also, the features related to the invective vocabulary used by men and women were determined.

 The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the emotional discourse of men and women, the scope of use of invective vocabulary in their language, the topics discussed, the type of Kazakh dialogue as a result of discussion of male and female characters with reference to linguistic facts taken from fiction.

The scientific and practical significance of the article is the issues discussed in the article and the results obtained can be used as additional scientific material in the field of lexicology, textual criticism and discourse in Kazakh linguistics.

The gender factor in the language of a literary text is also valuable in determining the stylistic, psychological, thematic characteristics of a woman and a male author, as well as the characteristics of the author’s speech and the characters’ word usage. The language of the literary text takes into account gender differentiation, showing facts familiar to us. From this point of view, defining the features of the Kazakh dialogue on the basis of dialogic relations between a man and a woman, which occupy a special place in our national discourse, proves the value of the article.

The article provides a conceptual and semantic analysis of the name of the red color. The purpose of the article is to identify the conceptual meaning of red color in Kazakh culture. To achieve this goal, the article was analyzed by lexicographic, conceptual methods. It is established that the red color, in addition to coloring, is the main symbol of the manifestation of metaphysical concepts, historical events, is in poetic, aesthetic cognition an attribute of rejuvenation, difficulty, hot temper, etc. It is proved that words combined with «red» are carefully selected and have a wide range of compatibility. Since red is one of the most saturated colors, it is not characterized by slowness, weakness, calmness, but rather is actively used in depicting the qualities of dexterity, strength, equanimity, irritability, sharpness. Red color is active in the manifestation of the concepts of danger, excitement, passion, strength, aggression, and sometimes luck. This means that it has a wide application in the transmission of not only emotional, but also physiological reactions. Since red is a saturated color, its ability to surprise the environment is reflected in the language in the same way. This was determined as a result of a conceptual analysis of the word «red». The lexical, terminological, poetic, ethno-cultural periphery of the word «red» is defined. Judgments related to the concept of «red» in universal and Kazakh cognition were also compared.

The creation of national corpora is an urgent problem of the modern digital era. The creation of corpora in the world linguistics began in the middle of the last century. The experience of creating a corpus of the first English language served as a basis for creating corpora of other European languages, as well as Russian and Turkic languages. Research and teaching corpora, which were previously carried out manually, have achieved great results through the use of. The corpora provided the user with more materials, created new dictionaries and facilitated linguistic research. The number of corpus users increased day by day. Such needs favored the creation of corpora depending on the purpose of the user. For historians or researchers of historical linguistics – historical corpus, for translators and language learners – parallel corpus, for researchers of speech peculiarities and development of speech culture - there was a need to create oral corpora. At the same time, there is an urgent need to create educational corpuses – the only tool for digitalization of education. An educational corpus is an information and corpus base for language learners. The article gives an overview of the world experience in the development of educational corpora. The questions of what texts are contained in the text base of English, Russian language learning corpora, what linguistic information is provided to linguists, etc. are studied. The necessary prerequisites for thedevelopment of the Kazakh language training course being developed at the A. Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics will also be determined. Metadata and linguistic markups aimed at teaching/learning the language, ways of adapting reference tools to Kazakh language acquisition by language learners, computer-software methods are considered.

The present study is devoted to the interpretation of linguistic concepts “Day” and “Night” in the artistic texts of the classic of Russian poetry F.I. Tyutchev. The research is carried out in an interdisciplinary aspect based on the linguistic understanding of the concept and the interpretation of this concept in the literary study of the poetic text. In addition, the research uses corpus linguistics methods and corpus technologies for the analysis of a work of art. The relevance of the topic selection is due to the increasing interest of scientists in corpus studies of literary text. The research has a scientific novelty, which is justified by the insufficient development of algorithms for corpus research of poetic text, especially in terms of identifying concepts and their interpretation. The paper comprehensively reveals the theoretical foundations of the study of concepts in various aspects: linguistic, literary, corpus. The works of Kazakhstani scientists on the concepts on the basis of which the theoretical basis of the study is being built are reflected. The structure of the concept, its types and relationship with the author's idea are revealed. In the practical part, the interpretation of the concepts “Day” and “Night” in the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev is presented, a corpus study is conducted to identify the frequency of use of a particular concept, the relationship of the concept with the thematic focus of the poem and its ideological content, interesting observations and conclusions are made. In addition to the theoretical substantiation of the problem of interpretation of artistic concepts in a poetic text, the paper presents an algorithm for the study of the concepts “Day” and “Night” in F.I. Tyutchev's poems, based on work with the RNC (Russian National Corpus).

The article is devoted to scientific-theoretical and applied-practical issues (development of metatext and terminological markings) of the creation of a terminological subcorpus, which is part of the National Corpus of the Kazakh Language (NCKL).

In the course of the study, the following results were achieved in the development of the terminological subcorpus of the NCKL: 1) scientific texts included in the terminological corpus base have the following meta-text markups: Source, Text type, Text Title, Text Style, Keywords of the text, Field of science, Text language, Number of pages of text, Text graphics, Number of usages, Age of the audience, Subcorpus, Date the text was entered, Markup; 2) terminological terms of various branches of science were assigned terminological markings, including the following parameters: variants of the term in Kazakh and Russian, the etymology of the term and the words that make up the terminological combination, and its equivalent in the Kazakh language, the definition of each term in the Kazakh language, the source from which it was obtained definition of the term, area(s) of application of the term, author of the term, composition of the term, approved version of the term, year of its approval, translation of the term in industry terminology dictionaries, use of the term in legislation (translation and variants).

The theoretical significance: clarifies and complements the scientific foundations of the compilation of bilingual and multilingual industry, explanatory terminological dictionaries, the development of electronic dictionaries, contributes to the development of applied terminology and terminography.

The practical significance: it can be used in lexicographic practice in the process of developing thematic and sectoral terminological subcorps and during the improvement of the structure and content of various terminological dictionaries.

The research used methods of collection, sorting, systematization, translation, diachronic, factual, lexicographic comparison and matching, structural (morphological, syntactic) analysis.

The article discusses borrowing issues in pedagogical discourse associated with the emergence of new concepts and terms (anglicisms) in the modern Russian language. Penetration of English words in the third millennium of the 21st century happens due to a number of reasons. Thus, the main one, according to the authors, is strengthening of digitalization caused by transition to online learning in the context of a global pandemic. The article poses the problematic aspect of whether borrowed words are a random element in the modern Russian language or it is a challenge of the time. Constant change in the consciousness of humanity, promoting development of all spheres of life in the new reality, inevitably leads to changes in guidelines in the economy, politics, culture, and education. There is a need to revise the goals and objectives of the education and development of an individual who effectively uses the acquired knowledge in upgrading of all spheres of life. New reality requires new concepts to realize and decode unfamiliar phenomena, which leads to a change in scientific and educational paradigms, the emergence of new trends in education, and adaptation of thinking. Challenges of the present millennium force us to make attempts to find out the feasibility of the changes being made. Thus, the authors of the article analyzed the corpus of borrowed units in the pedagogical discourse of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Anglicisms and their derivatives were identified by a continuous sampling method from oral and written speech of lectures and students, the context of educational materials and educational platforms of the university. Analysis of the borrowings of pedagogical discourse in a given period allows us to identify main mechanism of adaptation of new terms and determine the speed of their penetration.

The article deals with transcription of Chinese exonym names in Kazakh-Latin graphics, phonetic and phonological problems. Also, a comparative analysis of the sounds of the Chinese phonetic alphabet and the Latin-based Kazakh alphabet is made, a contrastive description of the sound system of the Kazakh and Chinese languages is given, and the difference between equivalent / non-alternative sounds is distinguished. By identifying the equivalent/non-alternative sounds in the sound system of two languages, situations that cause difficulties in transcription into the Latin alphabet are identified. The main goal of the work is to identify phonetic problems in transcription of Chinese exonym names based on the Latin graphics of the Kazakh language and to consider the optimal ways to solve them.

It is known that the transition to the Latin script is planned in Kazakhstan in the coming years. Accordingly, work is being done in all areas. It includes onomastic names, foreign names and foreign words and their transcription, transliteration, and translation. Chinese onyms, including exonyms, are one of the new topics that have not been studied in Kazakh linguistics. Their transliteration in Kazakh-Cyrillic script is a problem that has not yet been resolved. Transcription of Chinese exonym names in the Latin-based Kazakh alphabet is a problem that requires new research.

The conclusions and analyzes of the research can be used in the comparative teaching and research of the sound systems of the Chinese and Kazakh languages, and in research in the field of onomastics of the Chinese language.

Due to the fact that the development of the corpus has become one of the priorities for all languages of the modern world, the improvement of the national corpus of the Kazakh language (NCKL) is also a very relevant issue. One of the types of linguistic information reflecting the meaning of a word in the NCKL database is lexical-semantic markup. The article examines the world experience of lexical-semantic markup and provides an overview of foreign research. Analyzing the national corpus of the Russian language and the Kalmyk language, the peculiarities of the national corpus of the Kazakh language are noted. The methods of dividing verbs into lexical-semantic groups are indicated, on the basis of which the markup of the corpus is formed, i.e. the definition of codes that reveal the meaning of the word.

 In the study, lexical-semantic groups were classified according to the method of describing verb meanings and synthesizing based on common meanings, semantic groups of Kazakh verbs were compared with each other and with semantic groups in other languages.

As a result of the research, macro- and microgroups characterizing the meaning of the verb were included in the National Corpus of the Kazakh language. In total, 100 lexical-semantic groups have been formed. The lexical-semantic markup of verbs included six different codes. Lexical-semantic markup was attached to 18200 verbs based on the corpus.

 The compiled lexical-semantic markup expands the information about the word in the National Corpus of the Kazakh language, allows the user to easily determine the meaning of the word, sort verbs with a similar meaning and verbs with a positive, negative connotation of meaning. It can be said that lexical-semantic markup is one of the first steps to facilitate the recognition of the semantics of words of Kazakh artificial intelligence, which is expected to be created in the near future.