The materials of the Kazakh language, published in the «The experience of the dictionary of Turkic dialects» by V. V. Radlov, published in 1888-1911 in St. Petersburg in four volumes and eight books, are the main object of this study. It is well known that each language is subject to change under the influence of internal linguistic processes and external factors. In this regard, it is doubly valuable and significant to consider the composition and structure of the Kazakh vocabulary published in the common Turkic dictionary of the 19th century from the point of view of modern science.

   The main purpose of the study is to study the grammatical characteristics of Kazakh vocabulary, namely, the disclosure of phonetic, morphological and word-formation features of words.

   Also, the principles of solving the problems of the alphabet and graphics, classification of sounds, the law of vowel, vowel harmony proposed by the famous scientist-encyclopedist of the 19^th century are subject to scientific analysis. The study uses methods of collecting, selecting, systematizing language material, as well as descriptive, statistical, and comparative methods of analysis. The results of the study and the presented recommendations make a certain theoretical contribution to the study of the history of the Kazakh language, historical lexicology and lexicography, and can also be useful in the practice of teaching the history of the Kazakh language.

   The article examines traditional Kazakh personal names and the names of tribal-clan associations, as well as the semantics of customs, taboos, beliefs, and superstitions underlying them.

   The relevance of the research is determined by the need to expand the Onomastic Subcorpus of the “National Corpus of the Kazakh Language” with anthroponyms and ethnonyms.

   Additionally, an important aspect is uncovering the ethnocultural semantics of archaic names and ethnonymic models, which have lost their clarity and turned into anachronisms – closed code structures incomprehensible to the modern linguistic community. This necessitates their interpretation through folk knowledge and traditional perceptions.

   The scientific significance and novelty of the article lie in identifying the protective, magical, and ritual functions encoded within the “negative” semantics of anthroponyms and ethnonyms based on onomastic material from the 19^th century.

   The study employed traditional methods of systematization, description, and historical-factual interpretation of linguistic material. The cultural-semantic analysis method made it possible to identify the types of anthropo - and ethnomodels connected to the practical life of the people and their mythological worldview. The research revealed that most clan-tribe names were based on nicknames, and their motivation was associated with the function of protection against “negative” or mystical forces. Personal names and tribal-clan names of the 19^th century reflected the “linguistic worldview” of the Kazakh nomadic society of that era, representing an onomastic interpretation of real linguistic content.

   The article deals with the historical and linguistic features of toponyms of Katonkaragay, Altai, Glubokii districts of East Kazakhstan region. By analyzing the names of places and waters from a historical and linguistic point of view, it is concluded that the history and current period of human development are continuously connected with the nomination process. Toponyms are a key element in the study of any area as an important part of linguistics, geography, history and cultural anthropology. The study of toponymy allows not only to trace the historical and geographical evolution of local names, but also to understand the culture, personality and mentality of the resident population, which gives a certain meaning to these names. Toponyms represent ancient historical events, myths, religious concepts and traditions, features of the natural environment, socio-cultural context, and others. Therefore, historical-linguistic study of place-names is considered to be one of the only sources of historical and linguistic information about the local inhabitants living in that area.

   The main goal of the article is to consider the cultural and semantic features of microtoponyms that are not included in the main dictionary and analyze them using historical-linguistic and analytical-interpretative methods.

   The article gives an explanation of the origin of some names, taking from various official information written annually by the officials of the royal government. Analysis of linguistic units from a historical point of view proves that it is a definition of place-water names, an image of the national-spiritual basis of the Kazakh people, and a genetic cultural code of the nation.

    Before the Kazakh Khanate was formed in the Great Steppe, several state structures succeeded each other and were of a continuous nature. But the indigenous Kipchak and Oguz tribes remained the people of these states. The Golden Horde, famous in history under the name Fang Ulus, managed to establish close political and cultural relations with distant and close states of its time. Traces of these cultural relations have reached our days through the language of written monuments. Language is a precious foundation of culture and has not been fully studied as a manifestation of national culture and
intercultural communication. In domestic Turkology and medieval studies, significant work has been done on the development of dictionaries, differentiation of texts and study of the language of written monuments of the Middle Ages. Today there is an important question about studying the language of written monuments of the Middle Ages as a cultural and spiritual value.

   The purpose of the study is to differentiate borrowed words that were included under the influence of intercultural communication, to study the components of stable phrases and each linguistic unit in the language of monuments.

   The path of the nation and the processes of its formation can be clearly traced in the intercultural relations that manifest themselves through language. In the XIII century, the Middle Turkic language, mixed with Oghuz-Kipchak properties, was heard in all corners of the Eurasian space. The state of the Golden Horde, which was considered the homeland of the Kipchaks, was located on the great caravan roads and established close cultural ties with the states under its control, and also adopted Islam. During this period there was a huge influence of Arabic and Persian languages on the development of science, education and literature. Of course, the cultural relationships of that period were reflected in the language of written monuments. Research work is of great practical importance in identifying traces of intercultural communication in the historical formation of the Kazakh nation and
language.

   The lexical stock of the modern Kazakh language is replenished not only by neologisms and borrowed words, but also by the revival of old book words from the passive fund to the active fund. Since independence, old book lexical units have become common in the language of the media, which have acquired new meanings, complementing their original meanings. In domestic and foreign linguistics, there are a number of scientific works and articles devoted to Arabic and Persian words, however, there is still insufficient research on the revival of old Arabic and Persian words.

   In this regard, the purpose of our study is to analyze the semantic change and revival of old book Arabic and Persian words in the modern Kazakh language.

   This article examines the semantic changes of old book Arabic and Persian words, the reasons for their revival, historical and structural features, the process of codification and their use in various fields of science. Practical significance. The results of the study can contribute to the expansion of the theoretical base in the field of studying Arabic-Persian loanwords, make a significant contribution to the improvement of lexicographic works, provide an opportunity to enrich the content of curricula and textbooks on the Kazakh language and literature, as well as lectures on the history of language and lexicology in universities with modern linguistic data.

   Kazakh auxiliary verbs represent a challenge for learners and instructors due to their inherent linguistic complexity. There is a particular group of such “challenging” auxiliary verbs that are used to reflect similar linguistic characteristics: otyr, tūr, zhatyr, and zhür. While these verbs are quite often, but not always, interchangeable, there are minor differences between them that depend on the general linguistic and specific semantic contexts in which they are used.

   The main purpose of this paper is to elucidate the linguistic complexity of one of these auxiliary verbs, the verb zhatyr.

   Of particular interest to this study are the morphological, syntactic, and semantic characteristics of this verb. While zhatyr can undergo a number of transformations and be used to express a variety of tense-related meanings, the main focus of this study is only on the Present Continuous Tense version of this auxiliary verb. In order to understand the linguistic characteristics of zhatyr, it is necessary to discuss the notion of ‘auxiliary verbs’ in general and the nature of auxiliary verbs in modern languages, including Turkic languages and, of course, Kazakh itself. Such an overview is expected to provide insight into the general and specific linguistic properties of the phenomenon in question. Zhatyr is often considered a universal auxiliary verb that is used in the most frequent number of cases. Despite its broad implication and variety of tenses it is applicable to, its utilization nevertheless relies on factors of speaker’s position and length of the action. The verb zhatyr, in comparison with other three auxiliary verbs, is of extreme interest due to the highest number of cases in which it is contextually suitable.

   The article analyzes the works of the outstanding figure of Kazakh linguistics of the early twentieth century Telzhan Shonanuly on the Kazakh alphabet based on Latin graphics. More than 20 scientific and journalistic articles and reports of the scientist on the Latin alphabet, published in the period from 1924 to 1930. The article consists of two parts: the first part provides an exhaustive analysis, information on the dynamics of all stages, from the first raising of the issue of transition to the Latin alphabet to the gradual development, dissemination, gaining strength and implementation, on the work done and its scientific and cognitive justifications; the second part – on the transition to the Latin alphabet in Kazakhstan and the Soviet Union, in countries outside the Union, important issues of the process were also analyzed, and information necessary for today was provided. Linguistic and public social problems of the Kazakh-Latin alphabet period of the early twentieth century are still important today, especially for the modern alphabet reform. Therefore, the linguistic conditions for choosing the alphabet, the experience of implementation, methods of solving public social and political problems constitute the content of the article. As a result of the study, the reasons for the inclusion of the Kazakh-Latin alphabet in the agenda of the early twentieth century will be analyzed from the point of view of the breath of the epoch, the fate of the language and an assessment of the role and place of Telzhan Shonanuly in this linguistic process will be given. The article is intended for researchers of the history of Kazakh linguistics, Kazakh writing and alphabet, readers wishing to obtain information about the development of the Latin alphabet at the beginning of the XX century. The article is a continuation of the study “Telzhan Shonanuly’s Scientific Approach to the Kazakh Writing”, published in issue 3 of this journal for 2024.

   The Roma children in Europe face discrimination because of their limited knowledge of the official language of the country where they live. However, the amount of research on their mother tongue knowledge is very limited. There are no standardized tests on Romani. The present study here is an attempt to develop a test in Romani language - the mother tongue of Roma children in order to test their knowledge in their mother tongue. The paper presents results from research conducted among preschool Roma children from Zagreb, Croatia. The children are involved in a community preschool center where they learn Croatian and get prepared for primary school education. 30 Roma children (n = 18 girls and n = 12 boys) between 3-6 years old are tested with a test in Romani language (Kyuchukov and de Villiers, 2014). The test measures the knowledge of the children on different grammatical categories from Romani.

   The goal of the study is to show how much Roma children know from the grammar of their mother tongue.

   For this purpose the children are tested with specially designed tests. The children involved in the study are tested individually in the rooms of the community center. The results are compared by age and gender. The children show different levels of knowledge of Romani grammatical categories based on their gender. The boys have higher knowledge which is statistically significant (ANOVA) than the knowledge of the girls. The knowledge on the grammatical categories relates to the performance of the Theory of Mind test in Romani. The older children are better performing the Theory of Mind tests and the boys show better performance of the “mis displacement” False belief task. The article answers the question: “Why are boys better in Romani than the girls?” The paper brings new knowledge for preschool educators. Bilingual children in some cultures have different knowledge of their mother tongue and they perform the Theory of Mind tasks differently, based on their gender. These kinds of studies are important for the practice, because they suggest different approaches to language education between boys and girls.

   In modern linguistics, the study of cognitive and pragmatic aspects of linguistic activity is a relevant research area. Neurolinguistics examines the role of the brain in shaping speech activity and the impact of cognitive mechanisms on linguistic structures. Communicative linguistics, in turn, considers language as a means of communication, analyzing the pragmatic, discursive, and socio-psychological aspects of speech acts. The integration of these two fields contributes to the development of new methodological and methodical approaches in linguistics.

   The aim of the study is to identify the interrelation between neurolinguistics and communicative linguistics, compare their theoretical and methodological foundations, and describe the influence of cognitive mechanisms on speech activity.

   In line with this objective, the research examines the cognitive processing of linguistic structures and the features of neurolinguistic and communicative-pragmatic processes. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the systematization of cognitive and neuropsychological mechanisms of linguistic activity, providing a deeper understanding of the relationship between neurolinguistics and communicative linguistics. The practical significance is in enhancing language teaching methodologies, integrating cognitive and neuropsychological approaches, analyzing the pragmatic structure of speech acts, and optimizing linguistic communication. The research employs theoretical analysis, comparative methods, discourse analysis, cognitive modeling, and content analysis. These methods enabled a comparative examination of linguistic communication across different scientific frameworks, viewing neurolinguistic and communicative factors as a unified system. The results indicate that neurolinguistics and communicative linguistics are complementary research domains. Cognitive mechanisms and pragmatic factors play a crucial role in shaping speech activity. It is demonstrated that linguistic information processing and the structure of speech behavior are regulated by cognitive processes. Furthermore, the cognitive foundations of speech act interpretation and pragmatic meanings have been clarified. This study offers a comprehensive perspective on linguistic communication through the integration of neurolinguistics and communicative linguistics. The findings contribute to the development of new scientific approaches in cognitive linguistics and the refinement of language teaching methodologies. The research findings can be applied in language teaching methodologies, the development of speech skills, and the optimization of linguistic communication. The combination of neurolinguistic and communicative-pragmatic approaches will facilitate the design of effective language acquisition strategies.

   Phraseological units are a significant component of a language's vocabulary, reflecting its linguistic characteristics and the cultural identity of its speakers. Linguistic and cultural units contain extensive information about a nation’s culture, mentality, and worldview, forming a unique linguistic layer that reflects the close connection between language and culture. Accordingly, the authors provide a linguistic and cultural analysis of phraseological units with the component “liver” in related Kazakh and Turkish languages.

   The research aims to determine the linguistic and cultural features of somatic phraseological units, containing the lexeme “liver”, and the scope of their application in the Kazakh and Turkish languages.

   As an integral part of culture and traditions, somatic terms have survived to the present day and are considered an ancient cultural code. Thus, examining and comparing the somatic code in Kazakh and Turkish linguistics offers valuable opportunities to deepen our understanding of these national cultures and uncover the meanings of linguistic units. This process also reveals the relationship between language and culture, as well as the specific characteristics of the people. Consideration of somatic phraseology in the related Kazakh and Turkish languages from the perspective of “cultural code” determines the main direction and importance of the article. The original text and Turkish translations of the novel “Urker” by the famous writer A.Kekilbayev were studied as research materials. The main object of the study is somatic phraseological units, the basis of which is the lexeme “liver”, and their analysis was carried out using a comparative descriptive method, linguistic-cultural and linguistic-statistical methods. The research results can be used in linguistic and cultural studies, in the compilation of Kazakh-Turkish dictionaries, and in delivering lectures on the disciplines of Linguoculturology, Ethnolinguistics, Phraseology, and Theory and practice of translation.

   The article is devoted to the analysis of chronotope, a means of implementing novel genre features, presenting it at the conceptual level in the form of “space-time continuum” (STC) as a unit of complex multiaspect knowledge, which includes the unity of the concepts “space-time-event”. The cognitive context for understanding the core of the cognitive matrix “space-time continuum” is the conceptual-thematic domains represented by a set of basic concepts.

   The aim of the article is to define the cognitive and national-specific peculiarities of the concept “space-time continuum” to reveal the realization of the novel genre properties in “The Buried Giant” by Kazuo Ishiguro.

   Based on the conceptual analysis, linguocultural analysis and cognitive-matrix modeling the research helps to extend the scientific understanding of an artistic work as a unit of multiaspect knowledge presented in the form of cognitive matrix with the conceptual-thematic domains (individual-private, socio-cultural, mythological, philosophical-moral) reflecting the author’s understanding the reality. The author constructs the world which reflects the author’s intention and represent the interconnection of collective and individual knowledge. The theoretical and practical significance is the possibility to implement the cognitive matrix “space-time continuum” as the model of philological analysis of artistic texts in cognitive linguistics, cognitive poetics, and linguocultural studies.

   Currently, due to the course of globalization and the rapid process of digitalization, changes are taking place in the language. Almost all phenomena occurring in society manifest themselves in language. The article examines the sociolinguistic aspects of linguistic changes that have occurred in the Kazakh language in the context of globalization and digital transformation.

   The purpose of the article is to identify the impact and sociolinguistic features of the globalization process and the work on digitalization of Kazakhstan on the state language.

   The materials of the work include new language units, texts in Kazakh, on government websites egov.kz, astanahub.com, primeminister.kz, elicense.kz, new language uses found in the speech of Kazakh language speakers. This article discusses such problems as understanding and analyzing linguistic changes that have occurred as a result of digitalization, as well as finding ways to preserve and develop the Kazakh language in the context of globalization and technological progress. This article attempts to identify the main trends in the development of the modern globalized world and their impact on the development of the Kazakh language, which allows us to understand the direction of the dynamics of linguistic processes in modern society.

   The article describes a look at the mythological symbolism of color in the Kazakh, Korean and English linguistic worldviews. Color symbolism in myths determines the basis of folk traditions, customs, beliefs and spiritual culture. It defines meaning, feelings, traditions, life based on a certain value system. Color-cognitive description is one of the areas of linguistics in which the peculiarities of the worldview, traditions and customs of a certain nation are studied through the prism of color. Language is not only a means of expressing human thoughts, but also an ethnopsychological and ideological means cultivated over centuries, and a means of understanding this world.

   The purpose of the study is to identify the universal and national features of color symbolism, which were determined by comparing the culture tone of the color concept, revealing the worldview of the Kazakh, Korean and English peoples.

   The semantics of color in the cognitive properties of myths is explored by comparing mythical characters. Our article examines the mythical creatures of three nations, selects the characters closest to each other and conducts a comparative analysis of the color symbolism of the description of the heroes.

   Terms characterize the concepts of national science, culture and art. Methods of term formation are divided into such types as semantic term formation, morphological term formation, syntactic term formation, morphological-syntactic term formation, terminological exchange. The study examines terms created by morphological methods. It is known that in the practice of the peoples of the world there is a practice of widespread use of the language for special purposes by exchanging terms between related languages, creating a common terminology fund.

   The purpose of the article is to contribute to the formation of a common terminology by studying the suffixes used in creating terms in the terminology of the information technology sphere of related Kazakh and Turkish languages.

   In the formation of a common terminology, the capabilities of the two languages were determined, and what common suffixes were used in the creation of computer terms. In the study, the characteristics of each suffix were compiled, and it was given the definition of the functions performed. The terms formed by these suffixes were also shown. As a result of the analysis of the terms, the origin of the input words included in the two related languages was established. Until now, the terms of the Kazakh and Turkish languages in the field of information technology have not been fully considered in the morphological aspect. The article presents an overview of previously developed research works concerning the terminology of the Turkic languages. As a result of the study, it was determined common suffixes used in creating computer terms of the Kazakh-Turkish language, suffixes used only in the Kazakh language, and suffixes used only in the Turkish language. However, it was not defined terms characteristic of the Turkic languages and common to both languages, formed by a common root word.

   The study of the linguistic composition and content of manuscripts written in the common Turkic literary language of Central Asia, widespread among the Turkic peoples, is of great importance. One of them, the work "Baburnama", is only now becoming the subject of research in Kazakh linguistics. Babur touches on a variety of topics in his writings, trying to describe and explain them clearly. He provides information about the natural features of each place he goes to, about the people who inhabited that place, about the relationships between people, as well as about the features and use of customs and traditions. All this is a valuable source of information for professionals in fields such as history, literature, language, biology, geography, etc. This is due to the fact that the work "Baburnama" contains an abundance of sources necessary for the natural sciences and humanities.

   In this regard, the purpose of our article, which we present in the field of linguistics, is to show the peculiarities of linguistic usage on the topic of cultural and political discourse in the text of "Baburnama".

   In the course of the research, lexico-semantic methods were used to describe, systematize and isolate linguistic units, as well as methods of complex syntactic integrity and linguotext methods for analyzing the structure of the text. Theoretical and practical significance of the article: the results of the research can be used in such disciplines and special courses as historical grammar, linguoculturology, historical syntax and theory of discourse. At the same time, linguistic analysis of the discursive structure of the work makes it possible to understand the linguistic uses of that era, the thoughts and motivation of the author.