The article deals with the actual problem of paradigm and paradigm of scientific knowledge, anthropocentrism, their place and significance in the scientific heritage of A. Baitursynuly. The concept of paradigm and the term paradigm in the works of A. Baitursynuly is studied from three scientific positions: from the position of F. Sossyur (paradigm is a kind of grammatical or other form of a linguistic unit); from the position of T. Kuhn (paradigm is a kind of grammatical or other form of a linguistic unit). Kuhn (paradigm is an epoch, a significant period of time in the life of science, at which it has obtained significant results in its development); the place and meaning of the concept of paradigm, paradigm of scientific knowledge in the studies of A. Baitursynuly (comparative-historical, system-structural, anthropocentric). In the course of scientific search the work was carried out, the results of which show that in the scientific heritage of A. Baitursynuly the works that are made in accordance with the modern understanding of the paradigm of scientific knowledge are clearly presented. A. Baitursynuly introduced the notion and scientific concept of ‘til – qural’ (language – tool), ‘til – qaru’ (language – weapon) in 1914, at the same time naming his textbooks on the Kazakh language in Arabic script. In Eurasian linguistics (for example, in Russian), the approach to the concept of “language – tool, language – weapon” in the corresponding terms started from the late XX and early XXI century (V.A. Maslova, N.G. Ter-Minasova, etc.). Linguistic and linguomethodological heritage of A. Baitursynuly built on the concepts of anthropocentrism, anthropocentric paradigm of scientific knowledge, subdividing into universal (universal) and Kazakh national-cultural, but considers it as a whole consisting of two aspects, which is confirmed by a large amount of relevant linguistic material. The use of semantic, comparative, linguistictheoretical, inductive, deductive and other research methods in the course of scientific research served as the basis for revealing the theoretical and practical significance of the work. 

The article examines the concept of transcription, its types and the use of transcription in oral speech. In scientific literature, transcription is presented as a transmission in writing by a particular set of written signs for the precise designation of elements of spoken speech (phonemes, allophones) of a certain language. The peculiarities of phonetic processes in sound discourse are determined by the high degree of variability of sound phenomena. Sound shells of significant units in the process of speech production are subject to change due to the general weakening of articulation, reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, assimilation, voicing or devoicing of a consonant under the influence of neighboring sounds, an increase or decrease in the rate of speech, intensity and duration. Phonetic and phonological transcription is used to accurately record changes in sounds in the flow of speech. Transcription is not just a language tool, it is a bridge that connects people across languages and cultures. With the advancement of technology, this method is breaking down language barriers, offering unprecedented accuracy in understanding human speech. Transcription is an accurate method of recording spoken language that captures the true pronunciation of words using special symbols to represent specific sounds. In oral speech, prosodic transcription is used to determine the place of logical stress, the divergence of syntactic and prosodic means, the division of the speech sequence, temporal characteristics such as the length of pauses, the presence of hesitation pauses, the duration of speech segments, and melodic patterns. Thus, phonetic, phonological and prosodic transcriptions are used to describe the segmental-prosodic characteristics of oral speech. 

The article proposes a new point of view on the grammatical status of analytical verb constructions in the Kazakh language, which is an agglutinative language. Traditionally, Kazakh language specialists qualified them as analytical constructions, and later they began to be defined as “compound verbs”. In our opinion, a significant portion of these constructions should be classified as serial verb constructions (SVCs). The theory of serial verb sequences was developed by D. Westermann in the early 20th century, based on the material of African languages. As arguments for this interpretation, their semantics are presented – denoting multiple actions as a “single event”, the absence of subordination or coordination between the verbs within the construction, a unified syntactic function, etc. In the Kazakh language, considering the semantic characteristics of the verbs within the construction, symmetric and asymmetric verb constructions are distinguished. In symmetric SVCs, the verbs are characterized by semantic and grammatical unrestriction. The sequence of verbs in them conveys the real temporal sequence of actions that constitute a single event. An asymmetric SVC consists of two verbs: one with a broad meaning and one with a narrow meaning. Additionally, we believe that mixed symmetric-asymmetric constructions also function in the Kazakh language. The status of serial verb constructions is reflected in the semantic and syntactic features of verb chains in the Kazakh language. Thus, in agglutinative languages, serial verb constructions function as a natural part of the grammatical system, demonstrating a syncretism of meaning within a segmented sequence of verb forms. 

Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi – an outstanding linguist of the 14th century, who made a significant contribution to the study and comparison of the grammars of Arabic, Turkic (Mamluk-Kipchak) and Habashi (Ethiopic) languages, and left a number of works on the comparative study of languages. This article analyzes wazns of isms (noun models) as an object of comparative linguistics and morphology using the example of the work "Kitab al-Idrak lilisan al-atrak", compiled by Abu Hayyan with the aim of teaching the local – Arab population the Turkic (Mamluk-Kipchak) language. Also considered are the methods used by Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi to explain words from Turkic as an agglutinative language and words from Arabic as an inflectional language. Abu Hayyan comprehensively considered the wazns (models) in the Turkic language by the number of consonants in a given word. As the medieval grammarian notes, the Turkic language has words with one to six consonants, which can be grouped into 99 wazns. In this article, all of these 99 wazns are displayed in tables by the number of consonants, where each wazn is given with its pronunciation in the Kazakh language and an example in Turkic. After each table, so that the reader can understand, an example is given of how to collect modern Kazakh words (ism) within the framework of one wazn or morphological model. In our opinion, this study can lead to new approaches to the historical grammar of the Turkic languages and comparative linguistics. The article proposes the idea of using and experimenting with this method in teaching the Kazakh language to Arabs. The results of Abu Hayyan on the vowels “i” and “u” in the Turkic language are analyzed, and it is also noted that they are a source worthy of attention when studying this problem in the modern Kazakh language. 

Proverbs are essential expressions that encapsulate folk wisdom, showcase the beauty of language and life, and enrich the spirit of the language. This paper discusses common and specific features of equivalent proverbs in Kazakh, English, Russian, and Uighur. A logical question arises: why were these languages chosen for analysis? In a globalized world, immigration is a significant trend in many countries, and Kazakhstan is no exception. Many English-and-Uighur speaking immigrants live in Kazakhstan today. Furthermore, Kazakhstan was part of the Soviet Union for 70 years and gained independence only in 1991, so, there are many Russians and people of other nationalities who speak Russian in the country. The scientific works of Mati Kuusi, G.Permyakov, E.Kokare, N.Pazyak, A.V. Kunin, A.Qaidar, N.Issanbat, A.Nurmakhanov served as the methodological basis for this research on proverbs. A comparative and semantic analysis were conducted in the research to define similarities and differences of proverbs. This paper will contribute both theoretically and practically. The findings of this research can be applied theoretically in further studies on cultural linguistics, literature and folklore. Additionally, students and immigrants can compare and contrast proverbs and practically apply them to various linguistic contexts and use the findings in academic research and publication activities. Due to the comparative study of Kazakh, English, Russian, and Uighur proverbs, we argue that Kazakh, Russian and Uighur proverbs are partially or highly similar in their lexical composition and grammatical structure and coincide in their functional, semantic, and affectively expressive features. However, English proverbs differ in their grammatical structures, although their semantic content largely shares common features with these other languages.

The article is devoted to the definition of the linguistic personality of Turar Ryskulov, a major political and statesman who began the struggle for the freedom of his native people and stood at the forefront of the Kazakh intelligentsia. T. Ryskulov is a political figure who played a special role in the history of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. His civic personality, the work of a public figure are capable of serving as an example from generation to generation. His high and majestic image in literature is very close and warm to his family, whom he loved and who loved him. The purpose of the article is to study the linguistic personality of the political figure T. Ryskulov, who played a special role in the history of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. To do this, the authors were faced with the task of considering the works of the figure, revealing economic, socio-spiritual and political discourse. The value of the article: 1) advanced examples of material culture in the work of a politician have been identified; 2) economic discourse was determined on the basis of articles and reports of scientists in the field of economics and production; 3) the political-linguistic personality of the figure was determined through political functions and works of a political nature. The scientific and practical significance of the article is the issues discussed in the article and the results obtained can be used in the fields of textual criticism, discourse, political linguistics, cognitive linguistics and elective courses in Kazakh linguistics. The source of the research is a multi-volume collection of works by T. Ryskulov, scientific linguistic works aimed at revealing the essence of the concepts of discourse and linguistic personality.

The article considers the nature of poetic language in the context of a new interdisciplinary direction - linguistic synergetics. Poetic discourse is described as an open, dynamic, non-linear and self-organising system, the elements of which obey certain order parameters. Based on this, the study seeks to rethink the poetic text from the position of synergetic science. The linguosynergetic approach is applied to analyse poetic texts as complex, constantly evolving systems. On the basis of this approach, the energetic power of semantic images and their movement in the discursive space is revealed, which allows interpreting discourse within the framework of complex open non-linear systems. The analysis is carried out on the example of Mukagali Makatayev's poem “Zhuregim” (“My Heart”), in which the driving forces of the artistic word are revealed using the linguosynergetic approach. Using the formula of synergetic coefficient proposed by E.Y. Muratova (SC = A/N), the level of text organisation is determined. A new reading of the poetic world and linguistic personality of Mukagali Makataev within the framework of the linguosynergetic approach allows us to understand his artistic power and spiritual and linguistic space more deeply. The study of the system of synergetic markers is important not only for its theoretical significance in exploring the communicative function of language in the course of its development, but also for its practical value to specialists in the field of education, particularly teachers and lecturers, as it enables them to explain to students the structural and semantic features of poetic creativity and to effectively organize the educational process.

The article examines the synthesis of speech in the Kazakh language from the phonetic, phonological and prosodic points of view. Word synthesis is the process of converting a written text into an oral form. It is aimed not only at voicing the text, but also at providing a natural and understandable sound of speech. To create a realistic and legible synthesizer, the text is systematized in accordance with orthoepical norms, and phonemic changes, vowel reduction, and sound phenomena are described based on linguistic data. Phonetic and phonological patterns play an important role in improving speech synthesis technology. The article also examines the relevance and methods of speech synthesis, identifies their features and differences. In addition, an analysis of modern speech synthesis programs has been carried out, their advantages and disadvantages have been identified. The article analyzes articulatory, formative, parametric and neural models used for speech synthesis. To improve the quality of speech synthesis in the Kazakh language, it is shown that it is necessary to decipher abbreviated words and numbers, observe orthoepical norms, and correctly model intonation and rhythmic groups. The results of the study can serve as a scientific basis for creating a qualitative synthesis of words based on the phonetic and phonological patterns of the Kazakh language. The creation of high-quality word synthesis will make it possible to develop speech interfaces in the Kazakh language.

This article presents new insights into the conceptual interpretation of the term “method” in its application to the process of foreign language acquisition. The gap in this concept’s field-specific content has been revealed based on the comprehensive analysis of the “method” term understanding and utilization in language-related research fields. The authors analyze the linguistic, pedagogical, methodological, and socio-cultural aspects of “method” in their general abstract understanding and describe their content and the specific contribution of each aspect of communication in a foreign language classroom. The article presents the principles for implementing the above aspects, with special attention paid to the principle of truth, as a necessary condition of foreign language acquisition process leading to real learning. Also, from the previously established connection in linguistics between language and thinking, the authors derived the concept of a subject’s attachment to their native language, resulting in the need to observe and preserve the connection between the mother tongue and the foreign language being studied through educational activities related to translation. Therefore, the article provides an account of the four conceptual aspects of the term “method” used in research, focusing on how language is acquired, learned, and taught, as well as their general characteristics and implications. Describing these aspects’ semantic content in the context of foreign language acquisition, as well as the proposed principles of their realization, allows a deeper understanding of the “method” term’s field-specific meaning.

In the context of the transformation of Kazakhstan’s media space, advertising is increasingly becoming a platform for the representation and reinterpretation of gender roles. The aim of the present study is to identify the linguistic strategies employed in Kazakhstani advertising to construct gender roles, as well as to assess their impact on audience perception. The research is based on an interdisciplinary methodology that integrates cognitive linguistics, pragmalinguistics, critical discourse analysis, and elements of media psychology. The empirical data includes over 100 authentic advertising messages, along with the results of a sociolinguistic survey conducted among 1,000 respondents. The study revealed stable frame structures and conceptual metaphors that reproduce traditional gender archetypes, as well as instances of inclusive strategies. The analysis allowed for the classification of advertising texts according to the type of gender marking, speech act typology, and pragmatic orientation. The theoretical value of the research lies in the development of a linguistic framework for interpreting gender representations in advertising. Its practical significance is reflected in the formulation of recommendations for the creation of inclusive advertising texts and the adjustment of brand communication strategies. This research contributes to the advancement of gender linguistics and advertising discourse analysis within the Kazakhstani context.

This study investigates the dualistic representations of femininity in Irish mythology through a corpus-based analysis of prominent female mythological figures. By categorizing female mythologemes according to positive and negative archetypes, the research examines their historical significance, linguistic evolution, and ongoing relevance within contemporary cultural discourse. Employing Google Ngram Viewer and Sketch Engine, the study quantitatively tracks the frequency and semantic shifts of negatively framed figures, such as the Banshee, Witch, Cailleach Beara, and Morrigan, in juxtaposition with their positively framed counterparts: Áine, the Sidhe, Étaín, and Airmid. The findings reveal a nuanced landscape wherein certain mythologemes have undergone reclamation and reinterpretation within feminist and neo-pagan contexts. In contrast, others remain culturally marginalized or relegated to niche spheres of influence. The study underscores the dynamic interplay between language, mythology, and gender identity, illuminating how mythological archetypes adapt to evolving cultural discourses and reflect shifting societal values.  

The article explores the promotion of linguocultural values that reflect the interrelation between language and national culture within the realm of social media, which today serves as a primary space for communication and information exchange. The primary objective of this study is to investigate how content that embodies elements of the national cultural code is disseminated and represented across digital platforms. The research focuses on several popular social networking services, including Instagram, Telegram, Facebook, TikTok, and YouTube, which serve as empirical data sources. At the center of the analysis lies the linguocultural specificity of oral folk heritage – proverbs, aphorisms, riddles, and rhetorical expressions – that are actively reproduced in online environments. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of transmitting the nation’s spiritual heritage through social media, its relevance in the digital age, and its role in shaping a national linguistic worldview. The research methodology is grounded in observational and comparative analysis, allowing for a nuanced examination of how nationally significant cultural-linguistic content is utilized in social media contexts. Given the rapid advancement of technology, the accurate and purposeful dissemination of such content significantly shapes users’ perceptions, influences their cultural awareness, and fosters respect for the language, mentality, and heritage of the nation. A systematic analysis of information flow in the digital landscape opens new methodological avenues for scholarly inquiry. Examining the language of social media through the lens of linguocultural studies constitutes a timely and promising research direction. It enables both theoretical insights and practical applications, particularly in relation to the effective use of media platforms, the visual representation of cultural information, and the cultivation of critical digital literacy.

Kyrgyz, a Turkic language with over 4.4 million speakers concentrated primarily in Kyrgyzstan and adjacent regions of Central Asia, faces a significant disparity in computational linguistic resources compared to languages with similar or even smaller speaker populations. Despite its status as a government language and cultural cornerstone, Kyrgyz remains underrepresented in the digital linguistic landscape. This investigation examines the application of the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework – an annotation system engineered to facilitate cross-linguistic syntactic comparability – to the structural complexities of Kyrgyz. We endeavor to identify optimal annotation strategies that faithfully represent Kyrgyz-specific syntactic phenomena while adhering to the principled constraints of the UD paradigm. The establishment of standardized syntactic resources for Kyrgyz carries dual significance: it advances linguistic typology by incorporating data from an underrepresented language family, while simultaneously laying groundwork for practical natural language processing applications crucial for Kyrgyz speakers’ participation in the digital sphere. Our methodological approach encompasses rigorous analysis of nascent Kyrgyz treebanks, comparative evaluation of annotation strategies employed for genetically related Turkic languages, and systematic examination of four fundamental annotation challenges: the representation of Kyrgyz’s defective copula system, the classification of multifunctional grammatical particles, the annotation of constructions with implicit heads, and the demarcation between inflectional and derivational morphology in this highly agglutinative language. Our analysis reveals that achieving the dual objectives of linguistic fidelity and cross-linguistic consistency necessitates judicious adaptation of UD guidelines to accommodate Kyrgyz-specific structures. We advance unified annotation solutions that preserve the integrity of Kyrgyz linguistic patterns while facilitating meaningful cross-linguistic comparison. This research not only contributes substantively to computational resources for Kyrgyz but also establishes annotation principles with broader applicability to typologically similar agglutinative languages. The practical implications extend to enhanced guidelines for Kyrgyz treebank development, which will consequently improve parser accuracy and catalyze the development of essential language technology tools for Kyrgyz speakers.

This article examines the sociolinguistic features of the language used in contemporary Kazakh cinema and provides a scholarly rationale for the role of the Kazakh language within the film industry. The aim of the study is to identify the mixed linguistic structures characteristic of Kazakh cinema (such as code-switching, slang, jargon, pidginization, and creolization) and to determine their impact on national language policy and the public prestige of the Kazakh language. Deviations from linguistic norms recorded in cinematic works directly affect language purity, emotional connection with the audience, and the linguistic identification of youth. More than twenty comedic and dramatic films were analyzed as part of the language corpus, and a content analysis was conducted to determine the frequency of code-switching, grammatical inconsistencies, lexical hybrids, and the presence of obscene language. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that Kazakh cinema constitutes a significant component of national culture, and its language practices have a direct impact on how the language is perceived by audiences and on the development of the Kazakh language itself. In the context of globalization and increasing foreign cultural influence, the preservation and advancement of the national language face new challenges. Therefore, the language of Kazakh cinema is considered not only a creative medium but also a crucial tool for language policy and the preservation of cultural heritage. The findings of the study may be useful for screenwriters, directors, and linguists working in the field of cinema. The analysis of linguistic practices in Kazakh filmmaking can inform strategies to enhance the status of the Kazakh language, as well as its preservation and development. Additionally, the research may serve as educational material for students and scholars interested in Kazakh cinema and is aimed at expanding opportunities for linguistic revitalization through cinema, while also advancing the use of language as a means of ideological and cultural representation.

The article presents a comprehensive overview of a probabilistic-statistical method for distinguishing homonyms in the process of compiling a frequency dictionary based on the Kazakh National Corpus. The research focuses on words that share identical written forms but differ in meaning and grammatical function. The agglutinative structure of the Kazakh language introduces significant challenges in the accurate recognition and classification of homonyms. To address this, an automatic morphological analyzer was employed to lemmatize word forms and assign appropriate parts of speech. In addition, a specialized probabilistic distribution table was developed to disambiguate homonyms based on contextual analysis and frequency estimation. The article details the stages of constructing the frequency dictionary, the applied algorithms, and the stylistic diversity of the corpus texts. Comparative examples demonstrate the frequency of homonyms across different grammatical categories, enabling the creation of semantic usage models supported by statistical data. The integration of frequency indicators with contextual analysis contributes to more precise interpretation of lexical units. The proposed technology enhances the accuracy and reliability of frequency dictionaries, facilitates the development of effective Kazakh language learning materials, and provides a foundation for applications in AI-based linguistic systems. Moreover, the approach holds promise for linguostatistics, semantic modeling, and the integration of corpus resources into digital education. The results of the study offer an innovative methodological framework for corpus linguistics, applied linguistics, and digital lexicography in the context of the Kazakh language.

The article is devoted to a linguistic analysis of various types of contract texts – including employment, state, international, and business contracts – with the aim of identifying factors that influence the accuracy and effectiveness of interpreting contractual obligations. The study examines lexical, syntactic, and morphological features of texts functioning within the framework of business discourse. The linguistic analysis was conducted at different levels of the language system: lexemes, stable terminological expressions, grammatical structures (including modal and passive forms), and typical syntactic patterns characteristic of contractual discourse were considered. It was established that, despite the presence of common features (clichéd expressions, terminological density, formalized syntax) each contract type exhibits specific variable characteristics that reflect the particularities of the professional and legal domain in which it operates. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comparative analysis of contracts with different institutional functions based on a unified methodological framework, with the identification of both invariant and differentiating linguistic features. The results of the study demonstrate that the structure and linguistic design of contracts are determined not only by the stylistic features of business communication but also by the pragmatic objectives of the parties, as reflected in the contractual provisions. The findings can be applied in applied legal linguistics, in the drafting and adaptation of contract documents, as well as in educational settings – particularly in the training of professionals in the field of business and legal communication.

With the increasing frequency of international communication, the study of second language acquisition has garnered heightened attention within the academic community. In the realm of second language acquisition, the phenomenon of language transfer is widespread and has emerged as a focal point in research on interlingual influence. This article examines language transfer during the acquisition of Russian oral speech by Han Chinese students. This analysis represents a research endeavor conducted as part of a dissertation focusing on “Language transfer in the process of Russian phonetic acquisition by Chinese students”. Drawing on the collective expertise in resolving interlingual challenges in linguistics, the comparative method serves as the primary approach for elucidating the theory of language transfer. Accordingly, the article adopts the theory of language transfer as a research framework, employing a bilingual contrastive analytical method to compare phonemes, syllables, and stress patterns between the native language of Han students and Russian, thereby analyzing common instances of positive and negative transfer. Through this analysis, the article delineates the concept and impact of language transfer, elucidating the underlying reasons for various forms of negative transfer from the Han native language into Russian pronunciation, along with phonetic errors observed in Chinese Han students during their acquisition of the Russian language, illustrated through examples. The objective of this analysis is to uncover the factors contributing to different types of transfer in the process of Russian phonetic acquisition by Han students and mitigate such errors, facilitating accurate and effective learning of Russian, comprehension of Russian phonetics, and the acquisition of proficient speaking skills.

This article discusses the methodological conclusions of the prominent scientist Shamgali Sarybayev, who made a significant contribution to the development of Kazakh linguistics. The views of the scientist on phonetics, morphology, spelling and the study of word classes in his work “Some problems of methodology of the Kazakh language” are analyzed, their theoretical and practical significance is determined. In the course of the study, Sarybayev's methodology was compared with modern methods of teaching the Kazakh language, its features, advantages and limitations were revealed. The main feature of Sarybayev's methodology is the desire to systematically master the structure of the language, the priority of developing students' ability to analyze language using specific examples and clarity. In addition, the results of the study showed the continuity of his proposed methods with the current process of teaching the Kazakh language. It is proved that the analytical approaches of the scientist to the study of phonetics and grammar in combination with modern communicative methods can improve the effectiveness of Kazakh language proficiency. Despite the fact that Sarybayev's methodology was developed in the first half of the 20th century, its system of linguistics in combination with modern pedagogical processes remains relevant. Since the research and methodological approaches of the scientist are aimed at a deep mastery of the structural features of the Kazakh language, combining them with modern educational technologies can yield results. The present research is aimed at improving the scientific foundations of teaching the Kazakh language, a new understanding of the methodological legacy of Shamgali Sarybayev and his continuity with modern pedagogy.