The article examines the word-formation mechanisms and usage patterns of animal and bird names presented in the textbook Oqu quraly (1927), authored by A. Baitursynuly and T. Shonanuly. Based on empirical linguistic data, the study demonstrates that Kazakh intellectuals of the early twentieth century not only developed terminology for various scientific domains but also created Kazakh equivalents for animal species not native to the Kazakh steppe. The study identifies and analyzes selected lexical units, determines their word-formation models, and establishes which of them function as Kazakh equivalents of borrowed concepts. It further distinguishes between author-specific nominations and those that have entered the general lexical system of the Kazakh language. A comparative analysis is conducted between the early 20th-century coinages and their later standardized forms currently in use. Particular attention is paid to calquing as a dominant strategy in naming animal species inhabiting different continents, including America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The findings demonstrate that the creation of animal and bird names constitutes a significant dimension of early Kazakh intellectuals’ lexical innovation and contributes to the development of national scientific terminology. It was concluded that, during this period, calquing began to be actively used in Kazakh linguistics as a method of word formation. Based on specific linguistic data drawn from the works of prominent scholars, the creation of Kazakh names for birds, wild animals, and other fauna is comprehensively analyzed as a distinctive aspect of the lexical creativity of the Kazakh intelligentsia, and the main reasons for this phenomenon are identified. It is noted that the linguists Akhmet Baitursynuly and Telzhan Shonanuly, when creating new words and terms in educational materials, as well as when translating and writing borrowed words and terms, were guided by the scientific principles approved at the 1924 Congress of Kazakh Educators.

The article analyzes nouns with the affixoid -khana formed through compounding. The aim of the study is to reveal the dynamics of the word-formation model with the named affixoid in the Kazakh language during the period of independence, when it was activated for the nomination of new political, sociocultural, organizational, and everyday realities, phenomena, and concepts. Despite the Persian origin of the word “khana” it became naturalized in the Kazakh language and was actively used in Old Kazakh for the formation of nouns. Then, during the colonial period, when the demand for the Kazakh language gradually declined, this word-formation model ceased to be active and frequent. However, the new sociocultural reality that came with the declaration of independence included internal mechanisms of language, in particular the formation of complex words using the affix -khana . The article describes the most commonly used structural and semantic models for forming nouns with -khana : with the first component being a noun and with the first component being a verb. The semantic models of complex words denote either the location, sale, or storage of certain items, or a place for professional activities: cooking, medical treatment, crafts, etc. The most common model in modern Kazakh is the one with the first component being a noun. The component -khana has partially lost its lexical meaning, and its main function has become word-formation and the transmission of grammatical meaning in new compound words.

 The article analyzes the issues of polysemy and broad meaning of terms in the Kazakh language, identifies their differences and similarities, and provides characteristics of these words from linguistic and extralinguistic positions. Definitions of terms are taken from the dictionary of the Kazakh literary language, with examples provided from industryspecific terminological definitions and translation dictionaries. The correspondence of the terms to the concepts they denote is taken into account. The study presented the views of international and domestic researchers on the phenomenon of polysemy and broad meaning. A comparative analysis of word structures (technical, linguistic, and others) was conducted, and the requirements taken into account in their creation and the problems they solve were identified. The study utilized methods of abstracting, describing, comparing, contrasting, analyzing, and modeling to examine issues related to the polysemy and broad meaning of terms. The results of the study demonstrated that polysemy and broad meaning play an important role in the development of the Kazakh language's terminological system. Identifying the semantic properties of terms ensures their systematicity and accuracy in scientific and professional use. Based on the analyses and comparisons conducted, it was established that when forming and systematizing terms, special attention must be paid to semantic precision and scientific consistency.

In the context of modern globalization, the linguopoetic discourse of Ilyas Zhansugurov is regarded as an important spiritual and cognitive value that reflects the ethnocultural consciousness and linguistic worldview of the Kazakh people within the paradigm of preserving national identity and reviving historical and cultural integrity. The aim of the research is to systematize the lexical units used in the poetic discourse of Ilyas Zhansugurov from semantic and stylistic perspectives, to determine their artistic and aesthetic functions, and to reveal the interrelation between poetic language and ethnocultural cognition. The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the applicability of its findings to the systematization of lexical and linguistic units of the Kazakh language, in uncovering ethnocultural meaning in literary texts, and in the comprehensive linguistic analysis of poetic discourse. The methodological foundation of the research includes linguistic and cognitive analysis aimed at identifying the semantic features of lexemes, as well as a lexicographic method based on dictionary sources. The analysis was conducted considering the contextual and cultural-cognitive characteristics of the units within I. Zhansugurov’s idiolect. As a result of the study, it was established that the poetic language of Ilyas Zhansugurov is rich in imagery and deeply embedded with national and cultural content. The poet’s idiolect is recognized as a complex semiotic structure that reflects the worldview, cognition, and aesthetic values of the Kazakh people. The value of the research lies in its contribution to revealing the artistic and aesthetic potential of poetic language and in characterizing national consciousness at the linguistic level. 

Qarqara/Qarqaraly are among the distinctive toponyms found across various regions of Kazakhstan. The origin and meaning of the term “Qarqaraly” have been interpreted in multiple ways in existing literature: as the name of a crane species, a traditional Kazakh object placed on a camel, an element of traditional Kazakh women’s headwear, or as being related to the word “mountain” in various languages. Although numerous studies have examined this name from a toponymic perspective, none have provided a definitive explanation of its meaning. Moreover, many studies exhibit methodological limitations due to insufficient consideration of geographical factors, and some interpretations have inadvertently distorted the sacred and historical significance of the name “Qarqaraly”. This study examines the toponym “Qarqaraly” from the perspective of the acoustic characteristics of natural geographical phenomena and analyzes how such sound-related perceptions influenced the formation of place names within linguistic consciousness. In addition, cognate toponyms related to the оnym were identified in 15 countries worldwide, providing evidence for its preservation since ancient times. A distribution map of place names associated with the root “Qarqara” was compiled, and their spatial patterns and linguogeographical significance were interpreted using cartographic methods. The results of the study contribute to and expand the theoretical foundations of onomastics and linguogeography, while also helping to explain the patterns underlying the formation of geographical names. They may be used in the improvement of electronic databases of Kazakhstan’s toponyms, the development of historical-geographical maps, and the systematization of geographical names. Furthermore, the research materials can be applied in higher education for teaching courses in onomastics, linguogeography, and local history studies, as well as in the development of specialized courses and educational materials. 

This article examines the onomastic space of the medieval Mamluk-Kipchak written monument-the manuscript “Baitaratu’l-vazih”, with a particular focus on the linguistic and semantic features of theonyms and anthroponyms. The aim of the study is to identify religiously marked proper names in the text, analyze their structural, phonetic, and semantic characteristics, and determine their continuity with modern Kazakh usage. Theonyms and anthroponyms are systematized within the textual context, and their functions and semantic load are clarified. The research employs historical-comparative and lexical-semantic methods, revealing the interaction between ancient Turkic worldview and Islamic tradition. As a result, the role of onomastic units in the manuscript “Baitaratu’l-vazih” is defined in representing the religious and cultural system of the medieval Kipchak language. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that theonyms and anthroponyms of this written heritage are, for the first time, comprehensively analyzed within the framework of onomastic space and described from a historical-semantic perspective. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the lexical system of the Mamluk-Kipchak language and its historical continuity with the modern Kazakh language.

 In contemporary linguistics, identifying the relationship between language and cognition on the basis of concrete textual material has become one of the key research directions. In this respect, Abai’s “The Book of Words” offers a unique source that reveals, through language, a person’s inner thought processes, self-knowledge, and moral orientation. The aim of this article is to determine the cognitive characterization of mental verbs in Abai’s “The Book of Words” and to demonstrate their role in organizing mental activity within the text. The study addresses the following tasks: 1) contextual analysis of mental-verb usage at the sentence level; 2) elucidation of their semantic core and additional meaning nuances; 3) description of how mental meaning is expressed through simple verbs, verb phrases, auxiliary-verb constructions, and stable idiomatic patterns; and 4) identification of the functional-communicative potential of mental units that guides the reader toward self-reflection, reasoned judgment, and adherence to a criterion of truth. The empirical basis comprises all 45 Words of Edification by Abai. The methodological framework draws on the analyses of R. Syzdyq and N. Uali regarding the language of Abai’s prose, as well as principles developed in works by A. Baitursynuly, Y. Mamanov, A. Iskakov, N. Oralbayeva, M. Orazov, and B. Kassym on verb studies and lexical semantics. Scientific novelty lies in describing the system of mental verbs in relation to their cognitive function and in showing how complex constructions built around the key lexemes ақыл (reason), ой (thought), and көңіл (inner state/mood) contribute to textual logic. The practical value of the study relates to teaching Abai’s prose and text analysis, developing lexicographic and instructional materials, and creating content-rich data and datasets for training Kazakh-language AI systems, including QazLLM models.

The toponyms of Zhetysu contain a distinct and structurally coherent layer of geographical names of Mongolian origins. This paper investigates the region’s Mongolic toponyms across the three key historical phases: (1) the period of Turkic-Mongolic linguistic convergence, which produced archaic toponymic forms; (2) the Mongol conquest, marked by the introduction of new place names; and (3) the Jungar rule in Zhetysu, which left a lasting imprint on local nomenclature. Given the nearly century-long presence of Oirat tribes in the area, particular attention is devoted to KazakhJungar relations and the linguistic interactions that shaped their contact zone. This study aims to highlight the importance of the Kazakh-Jungar linguistic contact that is crucial for the analysis of the Zhetysu area. The article shows how each historical layer is reflected in the modern toponymic landscape of Zhetysu. The aim of this study is to collect and analyse place names of Mongolian origin that emerged during the three periods mentioned and have survived to the present day. Our aim is an attempt to determine their meanings and the reasons for their emergence. The research highlights that historical developments within these periods contributed to changes in the region’s toponymic corpus. The article employs the comparative-historical method, the reconstruction and the structural method. Methods of word and toponym formation are used as well. Oral tradition and local narratives are incorporated to aid in reconstructing the origins of specific place names. Findings demonstrate that extended contact with Mongolic-speaking populations resulted in the integration and subsequent adaptation of numerous Mongolian toponyms into the Kazakh language. Ultimately, the study assesses the scope and character of the Mongolian toponymic stratum’s influence on Zhetysu’s toponymic system, evaluating its significance within the region’s broader historical and geographical context. The study identified the influence and role of Mongolian place names on the toponymic system of the Zhetysu region.

The article examines the cumulative functions of cosmonymic concepts in Kazakh and Anglo-Celtic cultural contexts. Cosmonyms are viewed not merely as astronomical names but as semiotic repositories that preserve collective experience, worldview patterns, and value orientations of an ethnic community. The study aims to analyze the cultural and cognitive functions of the conceptual pairs Temirqazyq Polaris, Jetiqaraqshy Big Dipper, Ürker Pleiades, and Qus joly Milky Way. The research employs comparative linguocultural analysis, mythopoetic interpretation, and semantic examination. The findings demonstrate that in the Kazakh worldview, cosmic names regulate ecological cycles, seasonal rhythms, and ethical behavioral norms, forming a coherent cultural model linking nature and human life. In the Anglo-Celtic tradition, these cosmonyms primarily retain symbolic, religious, and poetic functions rather than practical ecological relevance. The study contributes to ethnolinguistics and cultural semiotics by clarifying how linguistic units encode long-term cultural memory and worldview continuity.

The question of the relationship between language and gender is one of the most important areas of linguistics. The only indicator of gender characteristics is language. Gender features are characteristic of all layers of language. One aspect of this is that literary texts reflect both obvious and hidden aspects of human ‘old age’ from the point of view of language and gender. In gender linguistics, these issues are considered on the basis of a special form of the concept of ‘old age’ in literary texts. In gender linguistics, many studies have been conducted to identify the differences in spoken and written language between men and women. Gender peculiarities in language communication between men and women began to be considered as natural and physiological aspects, becoming the object of scientific analysis. This paper investigates the presence of gender linguistic differences related to the biological and physiological age-related features of men and women, focusing on the gender aspects of the concept ‘elderly’. The aim of the study is to identify gender specifics of speech uses of elderly men and women in fiction and poetry texts, as well as to conduct their linguistic analysis in the gender aspect. The results of the study show differences in language use and individual vocabulary of older men and women based on the analysis of fiction texts, including phonetic, lexical and grammatical categories. The practical value of the article lies in the fact that its results can be used in the courses of theoretical linguistics, theory of intercultural communication, special courses and seminars on linguoaxiology, linguoculturology and linguogenderology.

The article provides a critical overview of the concepts of “wise” and “foolish” as examined in both domestic and international scholarship, and analyzes their representation within Kazakh culture and language. The primary objective of the study is to identify the interrelation and semantic-structural dynamics of the “wise foolish” opposition in the Kazakh sociocultural context through a linguocultural and social analysis of the paremiological corpus, specifically proverbs and sayings. Proverbs and sayings constitute the principal empirical material of the study, as they encapsulate the worldview of an ethnos and reflect its evaluative attitudes toward intelligence and foolishness. This accounts for the relevance of the research. The examination of the concepts “wise” and “foolish,” which occupy a significant place in the Kazakh linguistic worldview, through the paremiological corpus enables a deeper understanding of the interaction between language and culture, as well as the reconstruction of underlying cognitive structures. Drawing on relevant scholarly sources, the study employs comparative, semantic, and linguocultural methods to analyze Kazakh proverbs associated with the “wise foolish” opposition. Particular attention is paid to the evaluative meanings of lexical units and the delineation of their semantic fields. The findings are systematized in tabular form, highlighting the core features of the “wise” concept as represented in Kazakh proverbs. On this basis, the linguocultural characteristics of expressions associated with the concept of “foolishness” are further elucidated. The study concludes that proverbs and sayings should be regarded not merely as fixed linguistic units, but as culturally dynamic elements subject to ongoing interpretative transformations.

The article is devoted to the study of the linguocultural nature of ornithonyms (bird names) in traditional song folklore, which is an integral part of the spiritual culture of the Kazakh people. The main purpose of the scientific research is to identify the symbolic, metaphorical, and etalon functions of ornithonyms in the national worldview based on the lyrics of songs. The scientific significance of the work lies in supplementing the field of linguoculturology with new data by revealing the ethnocultural code of zoonymic vocabulary. During the research, methods of descriptive, component, contextual analysis, and linguocultural interpretation were used. As a result of the analysis, ornithonyms were classified into three semantic groups: symbols of beauty and loyalty (water birds), symbols of courage and nobility (birds of prey), and symbols of art and messengers (songbirds). The role of bird names in creating psychological parallelism and observing speech etiquette was determined. The value of the conducted research lies in the scientific proof that ornithonyms in Kazakh songs are not just biological names, but a system of stable linguoculturemes reflecting a person's inner feelings and social existence. The practical significance of the work is based on the possibility of using the obtained results in compiling ethnocultural dictionaries, teaching folklore and linguistics disciplines, as well as in studying the national mentality.

This article is devoted to the study of the urbolingua of the Kazakhstani megacity in the conditions of the modern language situation on the example of the city of Shymkent. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of language policy on language competition based on an analysis of the dynamics of language choice by schoolchildren in the educational environment of Shymkent. The objective of the article is to comprehend in monitoring mode the impact of the current language policy in Kazakhstan on the real use of languages in the selected region. The choice of language of education is one of the most practical and reliable sources of data on linguistic use in the multilingual society of the megapolis, as it reflects the language policy of the state and national priorities. The materials of the study were the data from the census, the data from the Agency for statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the database of the National Center for State Standards of Education and Testing. The sources of the study were the language laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted in different years, as well as the curricula of general secondary education. In addition, the empirical material of the study was the sociolinguistic data firstly introduced into scientific circulation, obtained in the course of a survey among schoolchildren of Shymkent. In the course of the study, an integrated approach was used to obtain more accurate results, combining both general and frequent scientific research methods. The results of the study show a trend towards priority use of the Kazakh language in the region. A monitoring study of the language preferences of secondary school students in the city of Shymkent seems promising from the standpoint of describing the choice of the language of instruction in the field of secondary education, as well as the degree / level of proficiency in Russian as the first and the second language, and analyzing the conditions for teaching Kazakh / Russian / English in school curricula. Monitoring the language preferences of schoolchildren in Kazakhstan depending on the region of residence is a promising sociolinguistic indicator of the effectiveness of the language policy pursued in the republic.

The article focuses on determining the prosodic characteristics of texts used in educational platforms for the development of a speech synthesis system. This is обусловлено тем, что without taking into account the intonational characteristics of each sentence, the program cannot correctly determine which intoneme should be used in its pronunciation. At present, the intonational features of the Kazakh language have been comprehensively analyzed in the studies of Academician Z.M. Bazarbayeva, which identifies eight types of intonemes characteristic of the Kazakh language. In this regard, texts intended for voice-over narration were annotated with the corresponding intonemes, indicating their specific features. As research material, textbooks from educational platforms in both natural sciences and humanities were used, including Anatomy , Criminalistics , Management , and Kazakh Literature . In developing the speech synthesis system, intoneme models were employed as a reference for narrator reading. To ensure high-quality speech synthesis in the intonational (prosodic) aspect, types of fundamental frequency patterns (rising-falling, falling-rising, and level), as well as tempo parameters (fast and slow), were taken into account. Intonemes in the Kazakh language determine whether an utterance is complete or incomplete, convey its emotional coloring, and indicate the type of intonation-general or special question. Therefore, a systematic representation of intoneme models is essential. Thus, it was modeled for the speech synthesizer that the tonal level must necessarily fall at the end of a sentence, while the preservation of a rising or level tonal pattern in the middle of a sentence indicates the incompleteness of the thought; these features were incorporated into the system in the form of corresponding models.

This article presents a comprehensive cognitive-discursive analysis of public speeches delivered by state officials of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the implementation of the Rukhani Zhangyru (“Spiritual Revival”) Programme. The factual material comprises texts and fragments of public speeches by government representatives of various ranks, as well as reports on the implementation of scientific, social, and cultural projects covering the period from 2017 to 2025, including the keynote addresses of President K.-Zh. Tokayev at the National Kurultai sessions of 2023, 2024, and 2025. The study employs a multifaceted methodological framework encompassing semantic and verbal-semantic analysis, cognitive, discursive, interactional, and comparative methods, as well as SEO analysis of key lexical items and phrases in a diachronic perspective. The analysis identifies two dominant concepts structuring the public discourse under examination “evaluation” and “continuity” which are verbalized through a diverse range of semantic and syntactic devices: passive constructions, verbs with prospective semantics, deverbal nouns, and abstract vocabulary of moral and ethical orientation. The study demonstrates that prospective semantics, permeating the presidential rhetoric, plays a pivotal role in constructing the strategic image of the country’s future. The diachronic SEO analysis of three keynote speeches traces the evolution of discursive priorities: from the actualization of historical memory and national identity in 2023–2024 to an emphasis on foreign policy positioning and developmental prospects in 2025. The findings confirm the high effectiveness of the verbalsemantic means employed in terms of their perlocutionary impact, substantiating the relevance of developing further recommendations for optimizing public political discourse in this domain.

This article examines the phenomenon of interference in the language use of Russian-speaking students of Kazakh ethnicity who study Kazakh as a second language. The study is based on oral and written assignments produced by students whose native language is Kazakh. However, they received their secondary education in Russian and predominantly use Russian in educational, social, and information environments. The participants use Kazakh within a limited functional domain, mainly in family communication, during Kazakh language classes, and in everyday situations. The article views interference not as a linguistic error or deviation from the norm, but as a natural mechanism of cognitive adaptation in bilingual consciousness and as a result of the interaction between the semantic and conceptual systems of two languages. The study analyzes the role of such cognitive mechanisms as associative transfer, metaphorical calquing, conceptual dominance, and frame shifting in the formation of interference patterns. The research employed cognitive-interpretative, discourse, comparative, and pragmatic methods of analysis. The findings indicate that interference among the students in this group manifests primarily at the lexical-semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic levels. The results demonstrate that interference is a natural cognitive process activated during the formation of a new linguistic worldview in bilingual individuals. In addition, the study revealed a tendency toward the stabilization of interference patterns in both oral and written language use. Such a phenomenon may lead to a decline in the active use of the cultural and conceptual content, phraseological resources, and natural usage patterns of the Kazakh language, thereby increasing the risk of language attrition. Therefore, interference should be regarded not only as an error requiring correction but also as an important indicator of the cognitive development of individuals learning Kazakh.

The current paper analyzes the linguistic features of onomastic units such as homoanthroponyms, toponyms, and homonyms in the news discourse of Kazakhstan and the UK. The source of data used in this analysis includes headlines, news articles, and briefs by reputable mass-media organizations like “Khabar”, “24 Kazakhstan”, “KazTAG”, “The Times”, “The Guardian”, “The Independent”, “The Daily Telegraph”, and “The Observer”. In particular, the paper analyzes the way onomastic units help to fulfill certain pragmatic purposes under socio-cultural and linguistic context conditions. Several findings have been reached during the investigation. First, in news discourses of Kazakhstan and the UK, polysemantic items (onomoanthroponyms, onomotoponyms, and occasionally onomophytonyms) are employed to develop language games in order to enhance the stylistic impact and pragmatic function of the text. These differences demonstrate that name structures differ substantially; where Kazakhstani mass media use formalistic and explicit multicomponent naming systems with the usage of markers of professions and adjectives, British analogues show preferences for concise twocomponent structures and apply different types of nicknames, metaphors, and symbols, including derogatory political ones and cultural signs. Findings also indicate that in Kazakhstani and the UK news discourses, polysemantic onomastic units such as proper names, anthroponyms, and occasionally toponyms are used to create language games that enhance stylistic expression and pragmatic function. Notably, Kazakhstani media tend to favour formalistic, multicomponent naming systems with markers of profession and adjectives, whereas British media prefer concise, two-component structures, employing nicknames, metaphors, and symbols including derogatory political references and cultural signs. These findings show the significance of the use of toponymic and political names as cultural symbols, carrying with them meanings relating to power, nationalism, ideologies, and politics. The authors conclude that this helps not only in linguistic analysis but also in intercultural communication studies and the development of toponymic dictionaries.

This study examines the system of translation techniques used in rendering metrological units related to the categories of space and time from Kazakh into English. The research analyzes the difficulties and specific features encountered in translating units of measurement that reflect the nomadic lifestyle of the Kazakh people. The findings demonstrate that the unity of the categories of space and time is manifested not only in the Kazakh language but also in the English language, despite their significant structural differences. The study identifies various ways of conveying the worldview, everyday life, cultural heritage, and history of the Kazakh people to English-speaking readers in a clear and accessible manner. At the same time, it is shown that the national and cultural specificity of the source text cannot always be fully preserved in translation, which may lead to certain semantic discrepancies. The research employs comparative (contrastive), analytical, and interpretative methods. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific features of translating units of measurement associated with the period of nomadic culture into another language. In this regard, determining effective strategies for translating Kazakh measurement terms into English and improving translation quality through a comparative analysis of their semantic and cultural characteristics constitute one of the pressing issues in contemporary Translation Studies and Literary Studies. The results of the research may serve as a theoretical and practical basis for further studies in Translation Studies, Ethnolinguistic, Contrastive and Cognitive Linguistics, Lexicology and Literary Studies.

The article examines multimodality in contemporary media text theory as one of the relevant research directions at the intersection of media linguistics, semiotics, and discourse theory. The aim of the study is to systematize theoretical approaches to the multimodal nature of contemporary media texts presented in scientific literature, to clarify the content of the concept of multimodality, and to determine its methodological significance for understanding media communication. The study employs content analysis of domestic and international scholarly publications published between 2011 and 2025, enabling an examination of the role of multimodality in explaining the polycode, multichannel, and integrative nature of media texts. The findings demonstrate that contemporary media text theory conceptualizes multimodality as a complex semiotic system based on the interaction of verbal, visual, auditory, and technological components. Furthermore, multimodality is identified as one of the key theoretical categories for explaining the structural organization of media texts, mechanisms of meaning-making, and the specific features of information perception. The results contribute to a deeper scientific understanding of the multimodal nature of media texts and facilitate the systematization of theoretical research in this field. The practical significance of the article lies in the possibility of using its theoretical findings as teaching and methodological material in higher education institutions for courses such as Media Linguistics, Media Text Theory, Multimodal Communication, and Digital Journalism.

The article explores the linguistic mechanisms of tabooing and euphemization associated with the concept of “woman” in Kazakh, Russian, and English. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that gender-marked vocabulary intersects with cultural prohibitions, etiquette norms, and cognitive schemas that influence the choice of speech strategies. Thus, studying the ways in which women’s physiological, age-related, and social realities are named and replaced, allows us to clarify the interaction between language, culture and thought. The purpose of the study is to identify the semantic, cognitive and pragmatic parameters of euphemistic and tabooed units in a comparative aspect. The work includes the following areas: analysis of lexico-semantic models of euphemization, reconstruction of frames and cultural scenarios, comparison of literary and corpus material, identification of universal and specific strategies in three linguistic cultures. The novelty of the research is determined by the combination of cognitive-framework analysis with corpus and discourse methodologies, as well as a focus on women’s issues as a sensitive linguistic and cultural area. The material includes literary texts J. Steinbeck’s “Of Mice and Men”, M. Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita” (“Мастер и Маргарита” ), and A. Nurpeissov’s “Blood and Sweat” (“Қан мен тер”), corpus resources (BNC, COCA, NCRL, National Corpus of the Kazakh language). It has been established that English predominantly uses metaphorization and periphrases (for example, expecting, those days ), while Kazakh demonstrates socio-role and etiquette strategies (e.g. аяғы ауыр, ұятты сөз ). In both languages, euphemization is particularly active in the domains of physiology, age, and social roles. The results obtained confirm both the universality of the physiological content delineation and the cultural specificity of the methods of speech euphemization. The practical significance is related to the possibility of using data in intercultural communication, teaching foreign languages, lexicography, translation studies, and NLP tasks for processing sensitive vocabulary.