Contemporary neurolinguistics views language not as a function of isolated brain regions but as the outcome of coordinated activity across interconnected neural networks. This perspective provides a basis for examining the neurobiological foundations of linguistic consciousness. The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical account of linguistic consciousness at the intersection of scientific approaches by relating psycholinguistic conceptions of linguistic consciousness to current neurolinguistic accounts of language networks, semantic-syntactic integration, sensorimotor coupling, and cognitive control. The study is theoretical and conceptual in nature. It employs a descriptive-analytical review of the literature, comparative analysis, and theoretical synthesis. These methods make it possible to systematize the relationship between the psycholinguistic content of linguistic consciousness and the neurobiological mechanisms involved in language processing. Theoretical analysis and conceptual synthesis resulted in an integrative model that describes the neurolinguistic organization of linguistic consciousness across five interconnected levels. The first level concerns perceptual input and encompasses the initial sensory processing of linguistic signals. The second level involves the core language network, comprising specialized brain regions engaged in language processing. The third level includes sentence-structure building, semantic and syntactic integration, and the prediction of upcoming linguistic elements. The fourth level concerns sensorimotor systems that link speech perception with articulatory processes. The fifth level comprises mechanisms of cognitive control and pragmatic regulation associated with working memory, attention, inner speech, and communicative intention. The distinctive feature of the proposed model lies not in identifying previously unknown neural mechanisms, but in bringing together mechanisms of language processing that have been described separately across different research traditions and organizing them within a unified conceptual account of linguistic consciousness. From this perspective, linguistic consciousness is understood as a dynamic system arising from the interaction of language perception, processing and integration, speech organization, and conscious control. The scientific contribution of the study lies in linking the psycholinguistic concept of linguistic consciousness with contemporary network-based approaches in neurolinguistics. The proposed model may provide a theoretical basis for formulating testable hypotheses in future empirical research on aphasia, multilingualism, second-language acquisition, inner speech, and metalinguistic control.

The article presents a review of scholarly works devoted to identifying the motivation underlying the astionym “Taraz.” Based on the results of a questionnaire survey, the background knowledge of language users regarding the motivation of this name is determined, while its associative features are identified through an analysis of its text-forming function. Using a single astionym as the research material, the study examines the role of the community that creates and uses the name in shaping the toponymic picture of the world, as well as the ways in which the social experience, cognitive attitudes, and preferences of language users are reflected in this process. The significant role of space in the formation of the linguistic picture of the world, including its toponymic representation, is revealed. It is shown that social factors and the specific ways in which space is perceived and conceptualized constitute one of the key foundations for the choice of a name. In addition, scholarly studies addressing the role of toponymic concepts in the formation of the picture of the world are analyzed. The study identifies the role of language users in shaping the toponymic picture of the world. Furthermore, the survey results demonstrate the need to organize special courses for a broad audience in order to expand respondents’ background knowledge of place names. The aim of the article is to identify, through conceptual analysis, the main factors associated with the role of the astionym “Taraz” in shaping the toponymic picture of the world of the society in the southern region, as well as to determine the background knowledge of language users through a questionnaire survey. The study employs the descriptive method, literature review, conceptual analysis, semantic analysis, and frame analysis. The research is conducted within lexico-semantic and cognitive approaches. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying its main findings in theoretical courses on onomastics, including the study of nomination and transonymization, as well as in sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguocultural studies, and seminars on the practice of teaching the Kazakh language.

This article examines the linguocultural nature of shared worldview models represented in Kazakh and Turkish paremiology. The study aims to identify common worldview models in the Kazakh and Turkish paremiological repertoires, determine the national and cultural features of their linguistic representation, and analyze the linguocultural markers that reflect the shared Turkic cultural code of the two peoples. As units of culture and language that play an important role in human history, proverbs and sayings are examined as linguistic expressions of national identity. The linguistic data demonstrate that kinship terms, zoonyms, somatisms, phytonyms, and geographical names are actively used as figurative components of proverbs and sayings in both Kazakh and Turkish paremiological repertoires. In addition to national markers and culture-specific realia reflecting the worldview of a particular people, the study analyzes the national specificity of similar situations that motivate the emergence and use of proverbs. Attention is paid to the extralinguistic and linguistic universal features of proverbs and sayings that correspond closely in form and content in Kazakh and Turkish. The study employs comparative-contrastive, linguocultural, conceptual-semantic, and cognitive methods of analysis, as well as descriptive analysis aimed at identifying the national and cultural components of proverbs and sayings. Through an analysis of Turkish proverbs containing the most widespread lexemes “insan”, “kişi” and “adam” (man), the authors effectively demonstrate the national and cultural characteristics of the Turkish mentality. A comparison of the proverbial wisdom of the two peoples reveals that, on the one hand, it is rooted in a shared Turkic cultural code and, on the other hand, reflects distinctive national worldviews shaped within different civilizational contexts. The analysis also demonstrates that national realia are encoded differently at the surface level of the proverbs of the two peoples. The proverbs examined in the article reveal a cognitive and cultural code that preserves the historical memory, spiritual values, and models of perceiving the world characteristic of both peoples. The practical significance of the findings lies in their potential application to comparative studies of the Kazakh and Turkish paremiological repertoires, research in linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguistics, and Turkology, as well as the development of teaching materials and intercultural communication courses for Kazakh and Turkish language instruction.

This study offers a comparative-cognitive analysis of somatic concepts in the Kazakh language within the framework of embodied cognition, one of the actively developing areas of contemporary cognitive linguistics. The theory's roots in early twentieth-century American pragmatism (W. James, J. Dewey) and its systematic elaboration by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson are outlined briefly as historical and theoretical background rather than as a sustained analytical framework in their own right. The study's central aim is to examine how the Lakoff-Johnson concept of the “unity of body and mind” is manifested through somatic metaphors in Kazakh, and to consider what this material suggests about the cross-cultural validity of image-schema models built largely on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) linguistic data. Drawing on lexicographic and corpus sources for English and Kazakh, the study applies conceptual metaphor analysis, a comparative cross-cultural method, and an author-developed three-stage procedure of cognitive mapping to compare somatic expressions built around the concepts of hand, heart/liver, stomach, back, head, foot, and eye. The comparative analysis indicates that the two languages share a set of underlying image schemas (CONTAINER, PATH, BALANCE, INSTRUMENT), while differing in how these schemas are culturally elaborated: the Kazakh material shows a comparatively stronger orientation toward kinship, social responsibility, and ethical evaluation. These findings extend the empirical base of embodied-cognition research beyond predominantly English-language material and offer a linguistically grounded starting point for culturally sensitive approaches to Kazakh-language natural-language processing.

The article examines the history of the formation and scientific standardization of Kazakh punctuation. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that, in modern written communication, punctuation marks are understood not only as part of orthographic rules, but also as important linguistic tools that clarify textual meaning, structure thought, and guide the reader’s perception. The aim of the article is to identify the historical development of the system of punctuation marks in Kazakh, the continuity between earlier and modern names of punctuation marks, and the specific features of the scientific consolidation of punctuation norms. In line with this aim, the article describes the place of punctuation in general linguistics and analyzes the stages of development of punctuation marks in Kazakh, the system of names proposed by A. Baitursynuly, and the standardization of modern terms. The theoretical basis of the study consists of scholarly works on the language of written monuments, Kazakh writing, orthography, punctuation, and orthology. The empirical basis includes earlier names of the main punctuation marks in Kazakh and their modern terminological equivalents. The study employs the historical-comparative and descriptive methods, methods of systematization, as well as terminological and linguistic analysis. The results show that Kazakh punctuation is not a ready-made set of borrowed rules, but a system formed through national written practice and scientific standardization. The scientific significance of the article lies in revealing the historical, functional, and cognitive nature of punctuation mark names. Its practical value is related to the possible use of the results in teaching Kazakh written language, text editing, improving digital literacy, and developing Kazakh-language artificial intelligence models.

The article examines the linguistic motivations of polysemy in Kazakh by tracing continuity between historical texts and present‐day usage․ The study is relevant because polysemous lexemes attested in medieval Turkic written monuments are often perceived by contemporary readers as having a single meaning‚ which leaves the motivation and developmental trajectory of their senses insufficiently explained․ The aim of the research is to identify the semantic structure of polysemous units on the basis of two monuments from the Golden Horde period and to demonstrate their links to modern dictionary descriptions and functional activity in contemporary Kazakh․ The objectives include selecting polysemous lexemes from historical texts‚ clarifying sense branches through contextual analysis‚ characterizing the cognitive and functional grounds of semantic extension‚ and comparing the results with modern explanatory lexicography․ The empirical basis comprises the dictionary‚ transcription‚ and translation of Sayf Sarai’s “Gulistan bit‐turki” and Qutb’s “Khusrau wa Shirin”․ To align historical meanings with current usage‚ the study draws on a one‐volume comprehensive explanatory dictionary of Kazakh and the Universal Electronic Dictionary of the Kazakh language․ Methodologically‚ the research integrates historical‐comparative and contextual‐semantic analysis‚ classification of sense branches as lexico‐semantic variants‚ and a combined motivation‐based and lexicographic comparative approach․ As a result, the main motivational models of polysemy were systematized, while the preservation and extension of meanings, as well as changes in their usage, were substantiated through historical sources and the contemporary lexical system. The study’s scholarly contribution lies in substantiating a diachronic‐synchronic framework for explaining polysemy‚ while its practical value concerns teaching historical texts‚ improving lexicographic work‚ and enriching semantic resources for national language models․

Effective communication involves not only the exchange of information between people, but also the expression of the speaker’s attitude towards the proposition. Accordingly, modality represents a fundamental component of linguistic communication. One of the modal verbs which encompasses a wide variety of modality meanings is can. Can1 is the easiest modal verb, since it is the first type of modal verb learned and used by a child, at the same time it is the most ambiguous modal verb as it can have different interpretations. The ambiguous nature of modal verb can was approached from different perspectives; however, much uncertainty still exists about the semantics of can. Most studies in the field have accounted for the semantics of can along with other modal verbs in English, thereby subsuming all modal verbs under a broader modal category. Unlike previous works, this study considers the semantics of can solely. Hence, the present paper employs qualitative and quantitative analyses of utterances containing can drawn from fiction, with the aim of identifying the range of meanings expressed by can and examining its functions. The analysis of the data has shown that ‘can’ covers a broad range of modality meanings including participant-internal possibility modality, participant-external possibility modality, deontic modality and epistemic modality. The most frequent use of can was found to be as a marker of participant-internal possibility, whereas its deontic reading was the least frequent. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates the crucial role of context and cotext in determining the interpretation of can and distinguishing between its different modal readings.

The article examines the formation and development of medical vocabulary in the Middle Turkic period, as well as its semantic transformation in contemporary Kazakh medical terminology. Written monuments of the Middle Turkic era are valuable sources that preserve the linguistic, cultural, and scientific worldview of the Turkic peoples. In particular, the historical features and contemporary functioning of medical terms recorded in such works as Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, Kutadgu Bilig, and Shipagerlik Bayan are analysed from a historical-comparative perspective. The study employs historical-comparative, diachronic, and synchronic methods to identify processes of semantic broadening, semantic narrowing, terminologization, and revitalization of a number of lexical units related to the field of medicine. In addition, the influence of Islamic civilization and the Arabic-Persian lexical layer on the formation of Turkic medical terminology is examined. The article determines the place of medieval Turkic medical treatises and ethnomedical sources within the language system and considers the possibilities of effectively using the national lexical resources in contemporary term formation. The study reveals the specific features of the revitalization in contemporary usage of the words obyr, zembil, sarysu, taj, kamfara, and qandauyr, which date back to the Middle Turkic period and have been preserved in the lexical stock of the Kazakh language through various pathways. It is also established that the medical vocabulary of the Middle Turkic period constitutes one of the historical foundations of contemporary Kazakh medical terminology. The historical-linguistic and cultural-cognitive continuity of the lexical units under consideration is identified and systematized.

The written production of learners of Kazakh as a second language (L2) has not yet been examined with corpus-based methods. The aim of this study is to identify and classify collocational errors in the written texts of learners of Kazakh as a second language and to interpret their causes using learner corpus data. This study focuses on identifying, classifying and interpreting collocational errors in a learner corpus. It contributes to second language acquisition (SLA) theory with evidence from agglutinative Turkic languages, Kazakh in particular. Building on previous research, the article proposes the theoretical category of “cultural collocation”. The data consist of a corpus of 65 essays on the topic “The Nauryz Holiday” written by 25 secondary school students (12,500-14,000 words in total). The essays were annotated manually and analysed using the Error Analysis approach. A total of 94 collocational errors were identified and classified into four categories: lexical substitution (47%), deviations in verb-noun combinations (24%), errors related to first language influence (18%) and errors in adjective-noun combinations (11%). The analysis shows that grammatical accuracy and collocational competence diverge. The findings provide an empirical basis for improving L2 Kazakh curricula, lexicographic resources and teacher training.

This article analyzes borrowed terms in the lexicon of digital marketing, focusing on their adaptation and functioning in the Kazakh language. In the context of the global digital transformation of business, an active company presence in social networks becomes an indispensable condition for successful entrepreneurial activity. The terminology of this area encompasses new concepts related to online platforms, marketing strategies, and social media advertising. Furthermore, the necessity of studying digital marketing terms from scientific, practical, and social perspectives is substantiated. From a scientific viewpoint, this research is crucial for understanding language development through the borrowing of new vocabulary, as well as for studying the principles of borrowing (transliteration, calque, etc.) in a new industry. The practical significance lies in ensuring terminological consistency, which is important for digital marketers who require a robust terminological base. The social significance of the research is manifested in its support for state language programs, such as “Digital Kazakhstan” and the “Concept for the Development of Language Policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023-2029”, which necessitate the development of appropriate digital terminology for the successful use of the state language in modern communicative space. The research methodology includes continuous sampling, corpus analysis, contextual analysis, semantic analysis, etymological analysis, lexicographical analysis, and quantitative counting. The empirical material was drawn from marketing textbooks and texts from social media dedicated to business and digital marketing in the Kazakh language, which allowed for the identification of over 100 borrowed Anglicism terms. Active lexical borrowing is a natural process of language development in the context of globalization, ensuring effective professional communication and reflecting the adaptive capacity of the Kazakh language.

In media communication stylistic devices function not only as expressive or descriptive elements of discourse but also as mechanisms of implicit evaluation and ideological framing. Therefore, this study aims to identify the pragmatic functions of stylistic devices in the verbalization of evaluative meaning in Kazakh- and English-language media discourse. It demonstrates how different stylistic devices shape interpretive frameworks and influence the recipient’s perception. The research is based on functional-pragmatic and cognitive-discursive approaches. Its scientific and practical significance lies in expanding the theoretical understanding of evaluative language and identifying the role of stylistic mechanisms in constructing social reality through mass media. The empirical data consist of a comparative corpus of 340 evaluative fragments taken from 100 articles published between 2020 and 2026 on Kazakh and English-language online news platforms. The methodology combines comparative qualitative discourse analysis, contextual-interpretive analysis and discursive frame analysis. The results show that metaphor structures the interpretation of socio-political processes through conceptual transfer and framing, irony creates implicit critical evaluation through the discrepancy between expected meaning and contextual reality and metonymy shifts agency from individual actors to institutional or abstract entities. Epithets establish presuppositional evaluation, whereas hyperbole and simile intensify the perceived significance and emotional salience of represented events. Comparative analysis shows that English-language texts contain relatively more cases of irony, while Kazakh-language texts contain relatively more epithets and hyperboles. Qualitative analysis also reveals recurrent vertical metaphors in the Kazakh-language data. These patterns are interpreted as tendencies within the selected corpus. The study contributes to the development of media linguistics and critical discourse analysis by offering an analytical model that relates the formal realization of stylistic devices to the mechanisms of evaluative construction and their pragmatic functions. The findings can be applied to research on media communication, discourse analysis and ideological framing in contemporary media texts.

This article examines the representation of Kazakhstan in American media discourse through the lens of its mediating role between East and West. The relevance of the research is determined by the growing attention of international media to Central Asia amid the transformation of international relations, intensifying geopolitical competition, and the emergence of new transport and logistics routes across Eurasia. Accordingly, the analysis of the linguistic and discursive mechanisms underlying Kazakhstan’s international image is of primary concern. The aim of the study is to identify the linguistic and discursive means employed by American media to construct the image of Kazakhstan as a mediating state. The scientific significance of the work lies in expanding the idea of the mechanisms through which the international image of states is constructed in the contemporary media environment; its practical significance is associated with the potential application of the findings in the fields of media linguistics, political communication, and international relations. The research material is based on ten publications from the American analytical and public affairs media outlets Foreign Policy, The Diplomat, Forbes, and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, published between 2021 and 2026. The methodological framework of the research involves discourse analysis, linguistic-semantic analysis, and conceptual metaphor analysis. The findings demonstrate that, within the examined corpus of American analytical media, Kazakhstan is predominantly portrayed as a state facilitating interaction among diverse political, economic, and geographical spaces. The construction of this image is primarily based on the concepts of bridge, diplomacy, neutrality, balancing, Middle Corridor, connectivity, and hub, which collectively constitute a coherent discursive model of mediation. The study further reveals that Kazakhstan’s mediating role is articulated across three principal dimensions: geopolitical, diplomatic, and economic-infrastructural. The novelty of the study lies in the systematization of the principal discursive models through which Kazakhstan is represented as a mediating state in American analytical media. The results show that several of the analyzed publications construct a positive image of the country associated with stability, openness, and constructive international cooperation. The findings may be used in the study of international media discourse and in developing strategies to promote a positive image of Kazakhstan.

The study aims to identify and systematize the linguistic approaches and principles used to represent time and space categories in recent sociolinguistic research and to examine respondents’ perceptions of the sociolinguistic factors influencing language functioning and development. The article presents the results of an analytical review of linguistic approaches and principles underlying the representation of the categories of time and space in sociolinguistic studies published between 2024 and 2026, as well as the findings of an empirical study conducted in 2025-2026 among university teachers and master's students from the North Kazakhstan Region with the participation of several international scholars. The results of the literature review are systematized in a table, while the findings of the empirical study are presented in the form of diagrams and subjected to further analysis. The study employed the methods of analysis, synthesis, structuring, and generalization of both the data collected by the authors and the findings reported in previously published research. The results indicate that the majority of the fifty-two respondents prefer the diachronic approach as one of the principal approaches to conducting research. The respondents tend to take into account the relationship between language and social context and regard neologisms and borrowings as significant factors influencing language functioning. The authors conclude that, despite acknowledging the impact of language digitalization and artificial intelligence, the respondents continue to rely on the traditional historical (diachronic) perspective as one of the stable mental frameworks for conceptualizing time and space.

The article provides an overview of the alphabets used in the territory of Kazakhstan from the 5th century BC to the present day, as well as the history of the formation, development, and transformation of Kazakh writing. Particular attention is paid to the specific linguistic stages of the national plan for the transition to the Latin script currently being implemented, with relevant data and analytical observations presented. Although the transition to the Latin alphabet is of considerable importance for the development of Kazakhstan and the future of the Kazakh language, the process, initiated after 1991, has not yet been completed. This is due to the fact that the reform involves a complex set of socio-political issues and requires the resolution of a number of linguistic problems. The study examines the current alphabet reform in Kazakhstan primarily from a linguistic perspective, while its geopolitical and social causes are also considered as extralinguistic factors. The specific stages of the transition to the Latin script include linguistic research conducted between 2017 and 2023, five officially proposed versions of the Kazakh Latin-based alphabet, as well as the spelling rules and orthographic dictionaries developed on their basis. The article analyzes the scholarly issues associated with the transition to a new Latin-based Kazakh alphabet, the linguistic difficulties that have arisen, and the topics and causes of academic debates among Kazakhstani linguists concerning the Latinization of Kazakh writing. As a result of the study, a comprehensive understanding of the linguistic essence and socio-political background of the ongoing transition to the Latin script in Kazakhstan is provided, and specific conclusions are formulated. The conclusions and issues raised in the article are also relevant to the nationally oriented standardization of the current Cyrillic-based Kazakh alphabet and its orthographic rules, as well as to identifying ways of addressing the existing challenges in this field.

The article examines the structural and functional-semantic features of aviation neologisms in contemporary English professional discourse, focusing on their emergence, consolidation, and variation in use. The study aims to determine how aviation designations are distributed across thematic domains, which structural models and discourse functions they realise, and how their status changes across professional contexts. The material comprises 96 neological units identified in official and industry-specific texts of ICAO, FAA, EASA, and IATA from 2021–2025 and checked against a 2016–2020 baseline and established terminological resources. The analysis combines lexical-semantic and contextual procedures, structural and functional classification, temporal comparison, coding of terminological variants, pragmatic crosscontext checking, descriptive statistics, and Pearson’s chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The thematic distribution did not differ significantly from an equal five-domain pattern, χ²(4) = 2.54, p = .637, although unmanned aircraft systems, advanced air mobility, and digital management and navigation were descriptively prominent. Functional-semantic differentiation was significant, χ²(4) = 9.94, p = .041, Cohen’s w = .32, with object-, process-, and technology-oriented units forming the largest groups. Multi-component phrases and abbreviations were recurrent structural patterns. The findings distinguish absolute lexical novelty from later terminological consolidation and link stable professional uptake to repeated use across regulatory, technical, and operational contexts.

The article is devoted to a pressing issue in modern computational linguistics and NLP – investigating the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to recognize ethnocultural codes and national worldview layers in the Kazakh language. The relevance of this study is driven by the fact that the primary limitation in current AI-based translation systems lies in their inability to correctly identify ethnocultural units, combined with a scarcity of research in this field and a growing demand for AI models adapted to translation erratology capable of accurately conveying cultural meanings. The purpose of the study is to identify the cognitive mechanisms underlying the processing of Kazakh somatic ethnographisms (zhürek zhalgau, bauyrymdau, auzyna tükirtu, etc.) across ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude systems, as well as to classify semantic deviations (aberrations) in the digital environment. The study employs a set of methods, including cognitive modeling, linguocultural analysis, and comparative-experimental techniques. The empirical base comprises somatic ethnounits extracted from the classical literary works of A. Kekilbayev, M. Auezov, T. Alimkulov, and T. Akhtanov. To test the models' context sensitivity, two-stage (lexical and context-pragmatic) linguistic prompts were developed. The experimental analysis results demonstrated that AI systems are frequently prone to errors such as “pragmatic inversion,” “linguocultural deritualization,” and “denotative literalism” when interpreting Kazakh ethnosomatic codes. The models exhibited phenomena of replacing sacred meanings with Western ethical norms and cognitive inertia. The value of the study lies in its being the first to examine the ethnocultural maladaptation of generative applications (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude) from a cognitive-semantic perspective using Kazakh language material. The research findings possess practical significance for the specialized fine-tuning of AI models using the Kazakh language's ethnographic database and for improving machine translation quality.

The article attempts to identify frequently used linguistic expressions characteristic of the contemporary organizational prototype of scientific style as represented in academic writing texts, including grammatical devices and lexico-grammatical constructions typical of academic texts in linguistics, using quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. A list of words characteristic of general academic texts, let alone those specific to individual disciplines, has not yet been published in Kazakhstani scholarship. This issue determined the aim of our study as follows: the aim of the research is to identify the core vocabulary characteristic of academic texts in the Kazakh language, including research articles in the field of linguistics. To achieve this aim, fundamental domestic and international studies and practices aimed at compiling word lists for academic writing texts were reviewed. As the research material, the “Linguistic Research Corpus” was developed, comprising 236 research articles selected from 30 issues of 6 journals recommended by the Committee for Quality Assurance in Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of linguistics. The total size of the corpus is 1,057,000 word tokens. Using corpus and frequency analysis methods, the 1,000, 200, and 50 most frequently occurring linguistic units included in the word list were identified. These linguistic units were subsequently analyzed to determine what characteristics and features of Kazakh academic writing texts they reflect and which principles of academic writing they contribute to fulfilling. Based on the selected linguistic units, a frequency word list of academic writing texts was compiled. Such a word list makes it possible to identify the specific features of academic texts in the field of linguistics and to determine the functions and semantic variations of these linguistic units in use. Furthermore, the study seeks to demonstrate, through concrete linguistic evidence, that “the Kazakh language is a language of science.” The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a specialized disciplinary corpus based on research articles in Kazakh linguistics, as well as in the quantitative and qualitative description of linguistic units frequently used in academic discourse and their recurrent combinations. The practical significance of the study is also evident: the findings can be used in teaching academic writing, in developing a Kazakh academic word list based on the AWL/AVL model, and in natural language processing (NLP) tasks.

The article examines the linguistic potential of the subcorpora of the National Corpus of the Kazakh Language in inclusive education and the linguistic foundations for their effective use in teaching Kazakh. The study is relevant because current digital education requires new ways of organizing language instruction on the basis of authentic language data‚ cultural semantics‚ spoken usage‚ and rapid digital feedback․ In inclusive settings‚ effective instruction depends on learning materials that are leveled‚ accessible‚ multimodal‚ and content‐rich․ The aim of the study is to identify the linguistic potential of teaching Kazakh through the National Corpus of the Kazakh Language and related digital resources․ For this purpose‚ the onomastic‚ cultural‐representative‚ and oral subcorpora were examined together with the National Lexical Fund of the Kazakh Language‚ the TBIJAZU intelligent text corrector‚ and the Paremiological Fund of the Kazakh Language․ The empirical basis of the study consists of textual‚ audiovisual‚ and card‐index data drawn from these platforms․ The theoretical framework is based on research in national corpus studies‚ corpus‐based language teaching‚ inclusive linguodidactics‚ and the integration of digital language resources into education․ The methods used include descriptive‚ contextual‚ and comparative analysis‚ as well as selection‚ classification‚ and linguistic‐methodological modeling․ The results show that the national corpus and digital resources make it possible to reveal word meaning in context‚ explain cultural codes‚ develop orthoepic and orthographic competence‚ improve writing‚ expand vocabulary‚ and adapt language material to learners’ needs․ The scientific significance of the study lies in proposing a data‐based and integrated model for teaching Kazakh in inclusive education․ Its practical value is connected with lesson design‚ the комплексive development of language skills‚ and the use of structured linguistic data for Kazakh‐language artificial intelligence systems․