As it is known, in accordance with the paradigmatic prism, the formation and development of linguistics as a science for a number of years have traditionally been correlated with comparative-historical, system-structural directions. It should be noted that in recent years, language and speech have been considered in aspects of anthropocentrism. The transition of general scientific evolution to a synergetic platform requires a different methodology for studying linguistic objects. In world linguistics, the methodological possibilities of synergetics are actively used for linguistic research, attempts are being made to interpret language and its sublevels (phonetics, word formation, lexicology, syntax, text, discourse, translation studies, etc.) as a synergetic, self-organizing, complex system in which it is constantly in dynamics. As a result of scientific research, a new direction of linguistics was formed – language synergetics / linguosynergetics. Language synergetics / linguosynergetics is a methodological platform for analyzing and modeling the evolution, development, open nature of the national language, and dynamic processes in it. As a new scientific direction, the synergetics of language allows Kazakh linguistics to develop in accordance with the scientific trends of world linguistics. 

The article analyzes the formation of a synergetic trend in world linguistics, the first searches and results in order to substantiate the concept of "language is a synergetic system".

In this study, the researcher examined how Kazakh language learners (KLLs) and Russian language learners (RLLs) in Kazakhstan comprehend idioms in jokes. The study involved 25 participants (20 KLLs and 5 RLLs) who were asked to read 10 English and 10 Russian jokes, with some containing idioms. The researcher analyzed the participants' Think-Aloud protocols, identifying 20 idiom comprehension strategies falling into three categories: cognitive, metacognitive, and socio-affective. The author also found five major difficulties that participants faced during the idiom comprehension task, such as unfamiliar idioms and cultural differences.

The study's implications suggest that explicit teaching of comprehension strategies, including idioms and jokes, should be incorporated into FL instruction. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of idiom comprehension strategies for FL learners in decoding the meaning of unknown idioms encountered while reading FL texts.

The etymology of the concept of hope is revealed in the article, its conceptual analysis is carried out, conceptual fields are defined. The purpose of the article is to compare the concept of hope and its ethymon, to comprehend the level of knowledge of hope accumulated in the human mind in creating a linguistic picture of the world, to determine the conceptual fields that make up the macro concept of hope. During the disclosure of the above tasks, the scientific opinions of scientists are analyzed. In revealing the nature of the concept of hope in the Kazakh worldview, etymological, conceptual, comparative methods of analysis are used. Examples of its structural types are given, which have their own significance in revealing the essence of the concept. It was found that when grouping stable phrases and proverbs depending on the conceptual fields of the concept of hope, it becomes the basic concept. The research results, conclusions and judgments in the article can be used in lectures on cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, ethnolinguistics, etymology, psycholinguistics, special courses on the theory of concepts, as well as in the compilation of concepts and dictionaries of the conceptual field. And the structural types of the concept of hope and the conceptual analysis on them are of great practical importance.

In the modern scientific paradigm of linguistics, the study of a literary text is carried out through an artistic concept. In this concept, the semantics of the word is considered both individual and common to the nation. This determines the priority of emotional expressiveness in the use of words by the author of a literary text, as well as the presence of an evaluation category. This is recognized as a unit of consciousness that determines the connection between culture and language.

The article discusses the functional pragmatic properties, aesthetic function of zhyrau poetry. This is a space for the exchange of information about complex thought processes, such as perception, understanding, analysis, which allows you to establish a connection between the author and the reader.

When analyzing the poetry of the zhyrau, their desire to critically analyze the state of the people, the linguistic means used to influence the addressee, make it possible to present the image of the zhyrau as an acting personality. Pragmastilistic systematization reveals the common features of the linguistic use of zhyrau. The frequency and clarity of use, partial features of such language tools include the stylistic character of the author. Therefore, it is important to pragmatically and stylistically classify the common features of zhyrau poetry.

This article presents the results of a pilot experiment, the purpose of which is to study the status of activity of the first (L1) and second languages (L2) of Kazakhstani bilingual students while performing tasks in the target third language (L3). Students of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University took part in the study. For students from the first experimental group, Kazakh is the native/first language (L1), and Russian is the L2. In contrast, for students of the second group, Russian is the first/native language (L1) and Kazakh, respectively, is the L2. A behavioural research method was used in the experiment, as well as a technique that included a “lexical decision task”. The results of this type of research show that in the context of the production of the English language (L3), Kazakh (L1/L2) and Russian (L1/L2) are activated in a competitive way, while the roles of languages and the degree of their activation in a trilingual situation vary in different groups of subjects. In the research process, the key reasons and factors influencing the levels of activation of the Kazakh and Russian languages in the conditions of educational trilingualism were identified.  

Proverbs are interesting not only as linguistic units, but also as a means of knowing the national character of the people, penetrating into the system of its values, as a repository of various cultural information. Proverbs contain a set of opinions developed by the people as a linguocultural community, they are one of the most important linguistic units that reflect ethnic characteristics, the philosophy of the people. In proverbs about a person, his main features are presented – thinking, speaking, diligence or laziness, social status, his attitude towards people, towards the surrounding nature, etc. The article deals with the proverbs of the Kazakh language with the basic concept of a man. Their semantic features are revealed on the basis of the concept of anthropocentrism, it is described that they express both national and universal features.

 In the proverbs of the Kazakh language, the concept of a man is conveyed by the words адам, кісі, жан, біреу, тұлға, as well as other lexical units denoting a man. To define the concept of a man in the proverbs of the Kazakh language, the following classification of proverbs was presented: a man – the image of a man, a man – a man, a man – a society, a man – an image of animals, a man – positive and negative qualities of a man, a man – a child of a man, a man – a word of a man. The results of the semantic analysis of proverbs have theoretical and practical significance, therefore they can be used both in general for linguo-theoretical and linguo-contrastive, and for linguodidactic and linguo-methodological purposes. The analysis and description of the semantic properties of proverbs were carried out using such methods as the method of linguistic description, the method of component analysis, the differential semantic method.

The article presents written monuments of the Golden Horde era of the XIV century, studying the language of the palace safe "Gulistan bit-Turks" and "Khosrow and Shirin", dedicated to several lexical and semantic groups: religious words, kinship, positions and professions held, social and social vocabulary, trade, intellectual, human qualities, fruits, astronomical topics, mood, military names, entertainment, proper names, gems, etc.  A statistical study of the collected thematic groups is carried out, their frequency is determined for the first time and the cause is investigated. The peculiarity of the use of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, polysemous words in the texts is indicated. They were compared with the use of some words in the modern Kazakh language and local colloquial dialects. Passing through the sound, morphological changes of words in the Arabic and Persian languages, the manuscript and modern Kazakh versions are considered in the Middle Ages, when the Kipchak economic discourse was formed and developed with specific examples, which formed the basis for the widespread spread of linguoeconomic discourse with the consolidation of economic terms in the modern Kazakh language. 

The article defines the semantic field of old words, divided into lexical and semantic groups by methods of comparative historical, semantic analysis, component analysis.

The article substantiates the relevance of developing a methodology for teaching Kazakh as a foreign language (MTKFL): the prerequisites for the problem of preserving and developing the national (Kazakh) language, external and internal factors of aggravation of this problem at the present stage, as well as the already observed consequences of the lack of implementation of the MTKFL in countries where ethnic Kazakhs live are revealed.

The object of the analysis are normative legal acts, national programs, strategic plans, reports on science, analytical reports, sociological studies, textbooks, and publications of domestic and foreign scientists. To determine the degree of development of MTKFL in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the domestic and foreign experience of teaching Kazakh as a foreign language was analyzed and the degree of actualization and relevance of the MTKFL in world science and practice was identified. The results of the study allowed us to confirm the assumption that the actions taken by the authors to implement the scientific project “Methods of teaching Kazakh as a foreign language through a system of ethno-cultural units” are relevant, timely and will contribute to the development of a scientifically-based MTKFL for ethnic Kazakhs living abroad.

At present, great importance is paid to the stabilization of terms and term formation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The terms of the business sphere are constructed based on Greek and Latin languages and spread around the world through English. Newly proposed terms in the field of business should be supported in terms of structure meaning and systematization by the state and from the point of linguistics. In this direction, the main goal of the research is to determine the models of term formation by making a comparative analysis of the word-formation of Kazakh and English business terminology.

Contrastive analysis of Kazakh business terms with English language, a representative of European languages, helped to reveal the peculiarities of our language. The structural-componential analysis and contrastive methods were used in the course of the research. The statistical data analysis of business terminology dictionaries determined that most of the business terminology in the Kazakh language consists of international terms.

The main results of the research include the identification of structural similarities and differences in Kazakh and English business terminology. At the same time, analysis of ways of creating Kazakh and English business terminology and morphological and syntactic models allowed us to group the original terminology of the Kazakh language according to the linguistic elements of the mother tongue. There is an opportunity to apply research materials and terminological models for researchers in the field of business terminology, lexicographers, and special terminology courses.

This study is dedicated to the importance of developing socio-cultural competence in teaching a foreign language based on toponyms which plays an important role in intercultural communication. It is proved that these linguistic units contain cultural components that reflect the realities, traditions, and customs of a particular society. They are culturally marked units that reflect the history of the country, its language, habitat, as well as the characteristics of the inhabited territory. The article discusses the concept of “sociocultural competence” and its components. The main methods of implementing toponyms into the educational process are described, as well as the most effective technologies for the formation of intercultural competence of students are identified. A set of tasks based on toponymic material from Excel textbooks adapted for Kazakhstani schools has been developed and presented. In the analysis of toponymic material, the method of continuous sampling was used, and an analysis of various classifications regarding the formation of sociocultural competence was carried out. Based on the research material, the authors of the article conclude that toponyms as linguistic units can be used in the educational process to form students’ socio-cultural competence. 

The word taarof is widely used in the modern speech etiquette of Iranians. Taarof is known as a form of polite literature in Iranian culture. The thorough study of taarof is important for the theory and application of intercultural communication. Therefore, the article analyzes the theoretical studies of scientists about taarof, considers the main postulates of the theory of politeness and issues of national features of speech etiquette in Persian culture, and lastly it analyzes the linguistic nature of taarof used by Iranians in everyday real communication.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the taarof in speech etiquette of Iranians. In this regard, to study the rules of using the polite form of communication between the addresser and the addressee and the scope of application of taarof in speech etiquette among Iranian peoples from the point of view of linguistic culture and traditions. The methodology of researching the issues in the article is closely related to the fields of linguistics, sociology, and pragmalinguistics. Analysis, description, and empirical and social scientific research methods are used in the course of the research on the speech etiquette of Iranians.

According to the research of scientists, people's communication with each other should be based on the national mentality and its own laws, rules, and principles established in that place. Admittedly, it is true that people living in that environment prosper and mature according to the development of society. A learner of any language should know the mentality, worldview, and traditions of the country where he is learning the language in order to implement the language etiquette of that nation because cultural differences might have a negative impact on the relationship or create obstacles.

When a language learner travels to the country of Iran,it is important for intercultural communication knows the cultural, linguistic and behavioural differences of that country.

It is effective to use the results of the research in the teaching of the Persian language to language learners and in the research work of students.

The article deals with the problem of linguistic reflection and its implementation through the relationship between consciousness and linguistic activity. The problem of linguistic reflection is one of the urgent problems in modern Kazakh linguistics. Consideration of reflection in relation to language forms the basis of the concept of language reflection, and language has been shown to be an important tool in its definition. The materialization or verbalization of information that entered the human mind through language corresponds to the concept of linguistic reflection.

The scientific work proposes a model of the process of language reflection. A review of the scientific understanding of the levels of linguistic consciousness was made, and the marking of information by a language unit and the transmission of the speaker's thoughts as an indicator of the connection between language and consciousness was presented by an analysis of an excerpt from A. Kunanbayev's poem. Linguistic units used in speech facts were considered from the point of view of the mental aspect. In the research work, definitions of the terms consciousness, linguistic consciousness, reflection, and reflexive are given and their meaning is revealed. The article uses methods of analysis, synthesis, description, and modeling based on the work of researchers of the concepts of language and consciousness, language, and reflection.

The article aims to analyze the relationship between consciousness and language activity in the process of language reflection and present a model of language reflection. Achieving this goal includes the collection of theoretical data related to the use of the term "reflection" in various fields of science, a review of works that study the problem of language reflection, the definition of a model of the process of language reflection and the corresponding analysis of language units.

The article presents a brief history of the emergence of psycholinguistics as a new branch of knowledge in American, European, Russian and Kazakh science; describes the origins and content of Kazakh psycholinguistics of its Soviet and modern period; gives a summary of the ideas and main research vectors of the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontiev and Tver psycholinguistic school of A.A. Zalevskaya; identifies heuristic value and prognostic the potential of psycholinguistic research in the field of associative lexicography in international databases and, including, the Kazakh corpus of associative dictionaries; the theoretical developments and practical results obtained within the framework of various scientific directions of dissertation research and project activities of recent decades are described in a concise form; associative methods of studying the linguistic consciousness of an ethnic group by structuring its core and periphery are briefly outlined; the problems of analyzing the content of universal/basic values of Kazakh society on the empirical material of associative experiments and dictionaries of associative norms created on their basis are discussed; in conclusion, the tasks and possible prospects of psycholinguistic associative research in Kazakhstan are outlined.