<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">til</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Tiltanym</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tiltanym</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2411-6076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2709-135X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Институт языкознания имени А.Байтурсынулы КН МОН РК</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55491/2411-6076-2026-3-212-229</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">til-2280</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРИКЛАДНОЕ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>APPLIED LINGUISTICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Когнитивное моделирование этноединиц с соматическим компонентом в системах ИИ и семантические девиации в переводе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cognitive Modeling of Ethnocultural Units with Somatic Components in AI Systems and Semantic Deviations in Translation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7760-5564</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камыза</surname><given-names>Б. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamyza</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Балжан Канаткызы Камыза, докторант</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Balzhan Kamyza, Doctoral Student</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kamyzanova.balzhan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1184-2679</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермекова</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yermekova</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тыныштык Нурдаулетовна Ермекова, автор-корреспондент, доктор филологических наук, профессор</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tynyshtyk Yermekova, Corresponding Author, Doctor of Philology, Professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yermekovat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7011-8862</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ескермесова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yeskermessova</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гульнар Амангельдиевна Ескермесова, доктор философии (PhD)</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gulnar Yeskermessova, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Gulnar_9.12.81@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казахский национальный женский педагогический университет</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>212</fpage><lpage>229</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Камыза Б.К., Ермекова Т.Н., Ескермесова Г.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Камыза Б.К., Ермекова Т.Н., Ескермесова Г.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kamyza B., Yermekova T., Yeskermessova G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tiltanym.kz/jour/article/view/2280">https://www.tiltanym.kz/jour/article/view/2280</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме современной компьютерной лингвистики и NLP – исследованию способности крупных языковых моделей (LLM) распознавать этнокультурные коды и национальномировоззренческие пласты казахского языка. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что основным пробелом в существующих системах перевода на базе искусственного интеллекта является неспособность адекватно распознавать этнокультурные единицы. Кроме того, наблюдается дефицит исследований в данной области и растет спрос на создание моделей ИИ, адаптированных к переводческой эрратологии и способных точно передавать культурные смыслы. Цель исследования – выявление когнитивных механизмов обработки казахских соматических этнографизмов (жүрек жалғау, бауырымдау, аузына түкірту и др.) в системах ChatGPT, Gemini и Claude, а также классификация семантических отклонений (аберраций) в цифровой среде. В работе использован комплекс методов: когнитивное моделирование, лингвокультурный анализ и сравнительно-экспериментальный метод. В качестве эмпирической базы отобраны соматические этноединицы из классических произведений А. Кекилбаева, М. Ауэзова, Т. Алимкулова и Т. Ахтанова. Для проверки чувствительности моделей к контексту были разработаны двухэтапные (лексические и контекстно-прагматические) лингвистические промпты. Результаты экспериментального анализа показали, что системы ИИ при интерпретации казахских этносоматических кодов часто допускают такие ошибки, как «прагматическая инверсия», «лингвокультурная деритуализация» и «денотативный буквализм». В моделях были выявлены явления подмены сакральных смыслов западными этическими нормами и когнитивная инертность. Ценность работы заключается в том, что в ней впервые на материале казахского языка в когнитивно-семантическом аспекте рассмотрена этнокультурная дезадаптация генеративных приложений (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude). Практическая значимость результатов исследования определяется возможностью их применения для специализированной настройки моделей ИИ (fine-tuning) на основе этнографической базы данных казахского языка, а также для повышения качества машинного перевода.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to a pressing issue in modern computational linguistics and NLP – investigating the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to recognize ethnocultural codes and national worldview layers in the Kazakh language. The relevance of this study is driven by the fact that the primary limitation in current AI-based translation systems lies in their inability to correctly identify ethnocultural units, combined with a scarcity of research in this field and a growing demand for AI models adapted to translation erratology capable of accurately conveying cultural meanings. The purpose of the study is to identify the cognitive mechanisms underlying the processing of Kazakh somatic ethnographisms (zhürek zhalgau, bauyrymdau, auzyna tükirtu, etc.) across ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude systems, as well as to classify semantic deviations (aberrations) in the digital environment. The study employs a set of methods, including cognitive modeling, linguocultural analysis, and comparative-experimental techniques. The empirical base comprises somatic ethnounits extracted from the classical literary works of A. Kekilbayev, M. Auezov, T. Alimkulov, and T. Akhtanov. To test the models' context sensitivity, two-stage (lexical and context-pragmatic) linguistic prompts were developed. The experimental analysis results demonstrated that AI systems are frequently prone to errors such as “pragmatic inversion,” “linguocultural deritualization,” and “denotative literalism” when interpreting Kazakh ethnosomatic codes. The models exhibited phenomena of replacing sacred meanings with Western ethical norms and cognitive inertia. The value of the study lies in its being the first to examine the ethnocultural maladaptation of generative applications (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude) from a cognitive-semantic perspective using Kazakh language material. The research findings possess practical significance for the specialized fine-tuning of AI models using the Kazakh language's ethnographic database and for improving machine translation quality.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>этнографизм</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект (ИИ)</kwd><kwd>когнитивное моделирование</kwd><kwd>семантическое отклонение</kwd><kwd>лингвокультурная деритуализация</kwd><kwd>перевод</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ethnographism</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence (AI)</kwd><kwd>cognitive modeling</kwd><kwd>semantic deviation</kwd><kwd>linguocultural deritualization</kwd><kwd>translation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта грантового финансирования Комитета науки Министерства науки и высшего образования Республики Казахстан AP26105015 «Трансмиссия этнокультурных единиц в системе искусственного интеллекта: языковые девиации и ее систематизация».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared within the framework of the grant financing project of the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan AP26105015 “Representation of ethnocultural units in the artificial intelligence system: linguistic aberrations and their systematisation”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдрахманова М.Б. «Көз» концепті: лингвомәдени және танымдық парадигмасы: филол. ғыл. канд. дис.– Алматы, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdrahmanova, M.B (2008) “Koz” koncepti: lingvomadeni zhane tanymdyq paradigmasi: filol. gyl. kand. dis. Almaty. [Abdrakhmanova, M.B (2008) The “Eye” concept: linguocultural and cognitive paradigm: Candidate of Philological Sciences dissertation. Almaty.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алдабергенова А.А., Жұмабекова А.Қ. Жаңа аударма мәтіндерінің баламалылық деңгейі // Торайғыров университетінің Хабаршысы. Филологиялық серия. – 2024. – №3. – 44-52-бб.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aldabergenova, A.A, Zhumabekova, A.K. (2024) Zhanga audarma matinderining balamalylyq denggeji. Toraigyrov universitetining Habarshysy. Filologijalyq serija. No. 3. 44-52-bb. DOI 10.48081/HUHW2781. [Aldabergenova, A.A., Zhumabekova, A.K. (2024) The level of equivalence of new translation texts. Bulletin of Toraighyrov University Philological series. No. 3. Pp. 44-52.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барменқұлова А.С., Жаңабекова А.Ә., Манкеева Ж.А. Этномәдени бірліктердің корпуста берілу жолдары // Тілтаным, 2023. №1 (56). – 56-66-бб.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alimzhanova, Sh.A. (2025) The role of somatisms in polysemantic phraseological units: a cognitive and cultural feature. International Journal of Literature and Languages 5(03). Pp. 74-77. DOI 10.37547/ijll/Volume05Issue03-19. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ескермесова Г.А., Ермекова Т.Н., Шойбекова Ғ.Б. Этномәдени бірліктердің жасанды интеллект арқылы аударылуы: машиналық аудармалар және оның сапасын бағалау // Еуразия гуманитарлық институтының хабаршысы. – 2026. – №2. – 67–74-бб. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2026-2.06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barmenqulova, A.S., Zhagnabekova, A.A., Mankeeva, Zh.A. (2023) Jetnomadeni birlikterding korpusta berilu zholdary. Tiltanym. No. 1 (56). 56-66-bb. DOI 10.55491/2411-6076-2023-1-56-66. [Barmenkulova, A.S., Zhanabekova, A.A., Mankeyeva, Zh.A. (2023) Ways of transmission of ethnocultural units in the corpus. Tiltanym. No. 1 (56). Pp. 56-66.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жанабекова А.А., Усенов М., Тлегенова Г.Б. Создание больших языковых моделей в казахском языке: казахстанский опыт и глобальные тренды // Tiltanym, 2026. №1 (101). – С. 135–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2026-1-135-149</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bender, E.M., Koller, A. (2020) Climbing towards NLU: On Meaning, Form, and Understanding in the Age of Data. Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 5185–5198. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Имангазина М. Аудармадағы коммуникант эмоциясы: түр-түс атауларының қызметі мен семантикасы // Вестник евразийского гуманитарного института. – 2024. – №3. – С. 41-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao, Y., Zhou, L., Lee, S., Cabello, L., Chen, M., Hershcovich, D. (2023) Assessing Cross-Cultural Alignment between ChatGPT and Human Societies: An Empirical Study. Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Pp. 53–67. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исаева Г.С., Өтебаева Э.Ә., Серікқызы М. Лингвомәдени ішкорпусты әзірлеудегі мәдени-семантикалық белгіленім // Тілтаным, 2023. №3 (135). – 135-143-бб.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eskermesova, G.A., Ermekova, T.N., Shojbekova, G.B. (2026) Jetnomadeni birlikterding zhasandy intellekt arqyly audaryluy: mashinalyq audarmalar zhane onyng sapasyn bagalau. Evrazija gumanitarlyq institutynyng Habarbarysy. No. 2. 67–74-bb. DOI https://doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2026-2.06 [Yeskermesova, G.A., Yermekova, T.N., Shoibekova, G.B. (2026) Translation of ethnocultural units through artificial intelligence: machine translation and evaluation of its quality. Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute. No. 2. Pp. 67–74.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ислам А. Медиалингвистика негіздері және медиа аударма мәселелері // Қарағанды университетінің хабаршысы. Филология сериясы. – 2025. – №2 (118). – 151-160-бб.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Imangazina, M. (2024) Audarmadagi kommunikant jemocijasy: tur-tus ataularynyng qyzmeti men semantikasy. Vestnik Evrazijskogo gumanitarnogo instituta. No. 3. 41-52-bb. [Imangazina, M. (2024) Communicant emotion in translation: functions and semantics of color terms. Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute. No. 3. Pp. 41-52.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Қазақ әдеби тілінің сөздігі. Он бес томдық. 6-том / Құраст.: Ж. Қоңыратбаева, Ғ. Қалиев, Қ. Есенова және т.б. – Алматы, 2011. – 752 б.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaeva, G.S., Otebaeva, Je.A., Serikqyzy, M. (2023) Lingvomadeni ishkorpusty azirleudegi madeni-semantikalyq belgilenim. Tiltanym. No. 3 (135). 135-143-bb. DOI 10.55491/2411-6076-2023-3-135-143. [Issayeva, G.S., Utebayeva, E.A., Serikkyzy, M. (2023) Cultural and semantic markup in the development of the linguocultural subcorpus. Tiltanym. No. 3 (135). Pp. 135-143.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Қазақ әдеби тілінің сөздігі. Он бес томдық. 10-том / Құраст.: М. Малбақов, Н. Оңғарбаева, А. Үдербаев және т.б. – Алматы, 2011. – 752 б.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam, A. (2025) Medialingvistika negizderi zhane media audarma maseleleri. Qaragandy universitetining Habarshysy. Filologija serijasy. No. 2 (118). 151–160-bb. [Islam, A. (2025) Fundamentals of medialinguistics and issues of media translation. Bulletin of the Karaganda University Philology series. No. 2 (118). Pp. 151–160.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Қазақтың этнографиялық категориялар, ұғымдар мен атауларының дәстүрлі жүйесі. Энциклопедия. – Т. 1: АД / Ғылыми ред. Н. Әлімбай. – Алматы: DPS, 2011. – 735 б.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kadyrbek, N., Tuimebayev, Zh., Mansurova, M., Viegas, V. (2025) The Development of Small-Scale Language Models for Low-Resource Languages, with a Focus on Kazakh and Direct Preference Optimization. Information. 16(1) 85. DOI 10.3390/info16010085. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Қайдар Ә. Қазақтар ана тілі әлемінде (этнолингвистикалық сөздік). – Т. 1: Адам. – Алматы: Дайк-Пресс, 2009. – 784 б.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karyukin, V., Rakhimova, D., Karibayeva, A. et al (2024) The neural machine translation models for the lowresource Kazakh–English language pair. Scientific Reports. 14 7166. DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-57854-x. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Манкеева Ж. Қазақ тіл білімінің мәселелері. – Алматы: «Абзал-Ай» баспасы, 2014. – 640 б.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mankeeva, Zh. (2014) Qazaq til bilimining maseleleri. Almaty: “Abzal-Ai” baspasy. 640 b. [Mankeyeva, Zh. (2014) Issues of Kazakh linguistics. Almaty: “Abzal-Ai” publishing house. 640 p.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нұржанова А. Дүниенің қарабайыр бейнесі: фразеологиялық фрагменттің соматикалық коды: филол. ғыл. канд. ... дис. – Астана, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marcus, G. (2020) The Next Decade in AI: Four Steps Towards Robust Artificial Intelligence. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.06177. Pp. 1-45. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Раманова А.А. Қазақ тіліндегі соматизмдердің лексикалық-семантикалық өрісі // Батыс Қазақстан инновациялық-технологиялық университетінің хабаршысы. – 2023. – Т. 68. №1. – 101-110-бб.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maxutov, A., Myrzakhmet, A., Braslavski, P. (2024) Do LLMs Speak Kazakh? A Pilot Evaluation of Seven Models. Proceedings of EMNLP. Pp. 112–128. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смағұлова Г. Қазақ фразеологиясы лингвистикалық парадигмаларда: монография. – Алматы: «Елтаным баспасы», 2020. – 256 б.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nurzhanova, A. (2010) Duniening qarabajyr bejnesi: frazeologijalyq fragmentting somatikalyq kody: kand. dis. Astana. [Nurzhanova, A. (2010) Primitive picture of the world: somatic code of the phraseological fragment: Candidate dissertation. Astana.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сыздық Р. Ғылыми таным үзіктері: Мақалалар жинағы. 1-кітап. / Рабиға Сыздық. – Алматы: «Сардар», 2025. Қазақ және орыс тілдерінде.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qajdar, A. (2009) Qazaqtar ana tili aleminde (jetnolingvistikalyq sozdik). T. 1: Adam. Almaty Dajk-Press. 784 b. [Kaidar, A. (2009) Kazakhs in the world of their native language (ethnolinguistic dictionary). Vol 1: Man. Almaty: Dyke press. 784 p.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ташауов Ә.С. «Кодекс Куманикус» тіліндегі соматикалық атаулар және олардың лексика-семантикалық топтары: филол. ғыл. канд. ... дис. — Алматы, 1995. – 161 б.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qazaq adebi tilining sozdigi. On bes tomdyq. 6 tom (2011a) Almaty, 752 b. [Dictionary of the Kazakh literary language. In fifteen volumes. Vol. 6. (2011a) Almaty, 752 p.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уәли Н. Қазақ сөз мәдениетінің теориялық негіздері. Монография. – Алматы: «Қазақ тілі» баспасы, 2021. – 424 б.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qazaq adebi tilining sozdigi. On bes tomdyq. 10 tom. (2011b) Almaty, 752 b. [Dictionary of the Kazakh literary language In fifteen volumes. Vol. 10 (2011b) Almaty, 752 p.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уызбаева Б.К. Қазақ тіліндегі соматикалық етістік фразеологизмдердің этнолингвистикалық сипаты: филол. ғыл. канд. ... дис. – Алматы, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qazaqtyng jetnografijalyq kategorijalar, ugymdar men ataularynyng dasturli zhujesi. T. 1. A-D (2011) Almaty: DPS. 735 b. [Traditional system of Kazakh ethnographic categories concepts and names. Vol. 1. A-D (2011) Almaty: DPS. 735 p.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alimzhanova, Sh.A. The role of somatisms in polysemantic phraseological units: a cognitive and cultural feature // International Journal of Literature and Languages. 2025. Vol. 5. Issue 03. Pp. 74-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramanova, A.A. (2023) Qazaq tilindegi somatizmderding leksikalyq-semantikalyq orisi. Batys Qazaqstan innovacijalyq-tehnologijalyq universitetining Habarshysy. T. 68. No. 1. 101-110-bb. DOI 10.48371/PHILS.2023.23.18.011. [Ramanova, A.A. (2023) Lexical and semantic field of somatisms in the Kazakh language. Bulletin of the West Kazakhstan Innovation and Technology University. Vol. 68. No. 1. Pp. 101-110.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bender, E.M., Koller, A. Climbing towards NLU: On Meaning, Form, and Understanding in the Age of Data // Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2020. Pp. 5185–5198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smagulova, G. (2020) Qazaq frazeologijasy lingvistikalyq paradigmalarda: monografija. Almaty: “Eltanym baspasy”. 256 b. [Smagulova, G. (2020) Kazakh phraseology in linguistic paradigms: monograph. Almaty: “Eltanym publishing house”. 256 p.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao, Y., Zhou, L., Lee, S., Cabello, L., Chen, M., Hershcovich, D. Assessing Cross-Cultural Alignment between ChatGPT and Human Societies: An Empirical Study // Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2023. Pp. 53–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syzdyq, R. (2025) Gylymi tanym uzikteri: Maqalalar zhinagy. 1-kitap. Almaty: “Sardar”. Qazaq zhane orys tilderinde. [Syzdyk, R. (2025) Fragments of scientific knowledge: Collection of articles. Book 1. Almaty: “Sardar”. In Kazakh and Russian languages.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kadyrbek, N., Tuimebayev, Z., Mansurova, M., Viegas, V. The Development of Small-Scale Language Models for Low-Resource Languages, with a Focus on Kazakh and Direct Preference Optimization // Information. 2025. Vol. 16(1). Art. No. 85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tashauov, A.S. (1995) “Kodeks Kumanikus” tilindegi somatikalyq ataular zhane olardyng leksika-semantikalyq toptary: filol. gyl. kand. dis. Almaty. 161 b. [Tashauov, A.S. (1995) Somatic names in “Codex Cumanicus” and their lexicalsemantic groups: Candidate of Philological Sciences dissertation. Almaty. 161 p.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karyukin, V., Rakhimova, D., Karibayeva, A., et al. The neural machine translation models for the low-resource Kazakh–English language pair // Scientific Reports. 2024. Vol. 14. Art. No. 7166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tekgürler, M. (2025) LLMs for Translation: Historical, Low-Resourced Languages and Contemporary AI Models. Proceedings of LaTeCH-CLfL. Pp. 227–237. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marcus, G. The Next Decade in AI: Four Steps Towards Robust Artificial Intelligence // arXiv preprint. 2020. arXiv:2002.06177. Pp. 1-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Togmanov, M., Mukhituly, N., Turmakhan, D. et al (2025) KazMMLU: Evaluating Language Models on Kazakh, Russian, and Regional Knowledge of Kazakhstan. MBZUAI Technical Report. Pp. 1-22. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maxutov, A., Myrzakhmet, A., Braslavski, P. Do LLMs Speak Kazakh? A Pilot Evaluation of Seven Models // Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2024. Pp. 112–128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toleu, A., Tolegen, G., Ualiyeva, I. (2024) Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Kazakh Text Simplification // Applied Sciences. Vol. 14(5). Art. No. 2100. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tekgürler, M. LLMs for Translation: Historical, Low-Resourced Languages and Contemporary AI Models // Proceedings of LaTeCH-CLfL 2025. Pp. 227–237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uali, N. (2021) Qazaq soz madenietining teorijalyq negizderi. Monografija. Almaty: Qazaq tili baspasy. 424 b. [Uali, N. (2021) Theoretical foundations of Kazakh speech culture. Monograph. Almaty: Qazaq tili publishing house. 424 p.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Togmanov, M., Mukhituly, N., Turmakhan, D., et al. KazMMLU: Evaluating Language Models on Kazakh, Russian, and Regional Knowledge of Kazakhstan // MBZUAI Technical Report. 2025. Pp. 1-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uyzbaeva, B.K. (1994) Qazaq tilindegi somatikalyq etistik frazeologizmderding jetnolingvistikalyq sipaty: filol. gyl. kand. dis. Almaty. [Uyzbayeva, B.K. (1994) Ethnolinguistic nature of somatic verbal phraseologisms in the Kazakh language: Candidate of Philological Sciences dissertation. Almaty.] (in Kazakh)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toleu, A., Tolegen, G., Ualiyeva, I. Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Kazakh Text Simplification // Applied Sciences. 2024. Vol. 14(5). Art. No. 2100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, X., Fantinuoli, C. (2024) Exploring the Correlation between Human and Machine Evaluation of Simultaneous Speech Translation // Proceedings of the 25th Annual conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. Vol. 1. Pp. 327–336. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang, X., Fantinuoli, C. Exploring the Correlation between Human and Machine Evaluation of Simultaneous Speech Translation // Proceedings of the 25th Annual conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (Volume 1). 2024. Pp. 327–336.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhanabekova, A.A., Usenov, M., Tlegenova, G.B. (2026) Sozdanie bol`shih jazykovyh modelej v kazahstanskom jazyke: kazahstanskij opyt i global`nye trendy. Tiltanym. No. 1. S. 135–149. DOI https://doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2026-1-135-149. [Zhanabekova, A.A., Usenov, M., Tlegenova, G.B. (2026) Creation of large language models in the Kazakh language: Kazakhstani experience and global trends. Tiltanym. No. 1. Pp. 135–149.] (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
