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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">til</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Tiltanym</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tiltanym</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2411-6076</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2709-135X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Институт языкознания имени А.Байтурсынулы КН МОН РК</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55491/2411-6076-2025-2-153-167</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">til-1933</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРИКЛАДНОЕ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>APPLIED LINGUISTICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Универсальные зависимости» для синтаксического анализа кыргызского языка: текущее состояние и перспективы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>“Universal Dependencies” for Syntactic Analysis of the Kyrgyz Language: Current State and Prospects</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-1365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыспакова</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryspakova</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мээрим Рыспакова, докторант</p><p>г. Бишкек</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Meerim Ryspakova, Doctoral student</p><p>Bishkek</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">meerim.ryspakova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4483-2581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турсунова</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tursunova</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Айгүл Турсунова, докторант</p><p>г. Бишкек</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aigul Tursunova, Doctoral student</p><p>Bishkek</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aygulya2380@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Кыргызский государственный университет им. И. Арабаева<country>Кыргызстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">I. Arabaev Kyrgyz State University<country>Kyrgyzstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рыспакова М., Турсунова А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рыспакова М., Турсунова А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ryspakova M., Tursunova A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tiltanym.kz/jour/article/view/1933">https://www.tiltanym.kz/jour/article/view/1933</self-uri><abstract><p>Кыргызский язык, принадлежащий к тюркской языковой семье и насчитывающий более 4,4 миллиона носителей, сосредоточенных преимущественно в Кыргызстане и прилегающих регионах Центральной Азии, сталкивается со значительным неравенством в вычислительных лингвистических ресурсах по сравнению с языками, имеющими сходную или даже меньшую численность носителей. Несмотря на статус государственного языка и культурной основы, кыргызский язык остается недостаточно представленным в цифровом лингвистическом ландшафте. Данное исследование рассматривает применение фреймворка Универсальных Зависимостей (Universal Dependencies, UD) – системы аннотирования, разработанной для обеспечения межъязыковой синтаксической сопоставимости – к структурным особенностям кыргызского языка. Мы стремимся определить оптимальные стратегии аннотирования, которые достоверно отражают специфические для кыргызского языка синтаксические явления, соблюдая при этом принципиальные ограничения парадигмы UD. Создание стандартизированных синтаксических ресурсов для кыргызского языка имеет двойное значение: оно продвигает лингвистическую типологию, включая данные из недостаточно представленной языковой семьи, и одновременно закладывает основу для практических приложений обработки естественного языка, критически важных для участия носителей кыргызского языка в цифровой сфере. Наш методологический подход включает тщательный анализ новых кыргызских синтаксических корпусов, сравнительную оценку стратегий аннотирования, применяемых для генетически родственных тюркских языков, и систематическое исследование четырех фундаментальных проблем аннотирования: представление дефективной системы связок кыргызского языка, классификацию многофункциональных грамматических частиц, аннотирование конструкций с имплицитными главными элементами и разграничение между словоизменительной и словообразовательной морфологией в этом высоко агглютинативном языке. Наш анализ показывает, что достижение двойных целей лингвистической точности и межъязыковой согласованности требует разумной адаптации руководящих принципов UD для размещения специфических для кыргызского языка структур. Мы предлагаем унифицированные решения по аннотированию, которые сохраняют целостность кыргызских лингвистических моделей, одновременно способствуя значимому межъязыковому сравнению. Это исследование не только вносит существенный вклад в вычислительные ресурсы для кыргызского языка, но и устанавливает принципы аннотирования с более широким применением к типологически схожим агглютинативным языкам. Практические последствия включают в себя улучшенные рекомендации для разработки кыргызских синтаксических корпусов, что, в свою очередь, повысит точность парсера и ускорит разработку важных инструментов языковых технологий для носителей кыргызского языка.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Kyrgyz, a Turkic language with over 4.4 million speakers concentrated primarily in Kyrgyzstan and adjacent regions of Central Asia, faces a significant disparity in computational linguistic resources compared to languages with similar or even smaller speaker populations. Despite its status as a government language and cultural cornerstone, Kyrgyz remains underrepresented in the digital linguistic landscape. This investigation examines the application of the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework – an annotation system engineered to facilitate cross-linguistic syntactic comparability – to the structural complexities of Kyrgyz. We endeavor to identify optimal annotation strategies that faithfully represent Kyrgyz-specific syntactic phenomena while adhering to the principled constraints of the UD paradigm. The establishment of standardized syntactic resources for Kyrgyz carries dual significance: it advances linguistic typology by incorporating data from an underrepresented language family, while simultaneously laying groundwork for practical natural language processing applications crucial for Kyrgyz speakers’ participation in the digital sphere. Our methodological approach encompasses rigorous analysis of nascent Kyrgyz treebanks, comparative evaluation of annotation strategies employed for genetically related Turkic languages, and systematic examination of four fundamental annotation challenges: the representation of Kyrgyz’s defective copula system, the classification of multifunctional grammatical particles, the annotation of constructions with implicit heads, and the demarcation between inflectional and derivational morphology in this highly agglutinative language. Our analysis reveals that achieving the dual objectives of linguistic fidelity and cross-linguistic consistency necessitates judicious adaptation of UD guidelines to accommodate Kyrgyz-specific structures. We advance unified annotation solutions that preserve the integrity of Kyrgyz linguistic patterns while facilitating meaningful cross-linguistic comparison. This research not only contributes substantively to computational resources for Kyrgyz but also establishes annotation principles with broader applicability to typologically similar agglutinative languages. The practical implications extend to enhanced guidelines for Kyrgyz treebank development, which will consequently improve parser accuracy and catalyze the development of essential language technology tools for Kyrgyz speakers.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кыргызский язык</kwd><kwd>Универсальные зависимости</kwd><kwd>синтаксическое аннотирование</kwd><kwd>синтаксические корпуса</kwd><kwd>тюркские языки</kwd><kwd>компьютерная лингвистика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kyrgyz language</kwd><kwd>Universal Dependencies</kwd><kwd>syntactic annotation</kwd><kwd>treebanks</kwd><kwd>Turkic languages</kwd><kwd>computational linguistics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джумалиева Г.К., Касиева А.А., Мусажанова С.Дж. 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